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EN
The effect of the aluminium toxicity (1 and 5 mM of AlCl3) on the activity of the antioxidant en­zymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase), the oxidative lipid degradation and the functioning of photosynthesis were studied in two rye varieties - Dańkowskie Złote and Dańkowskie Rubin - differing in the level of Al tolerance. The antioxidant enzymes activities, even when determined in control plants, were significantly higher in Dańkowskie Złote classified as more Al-tolerant. Supplementation of aluminium in the nutrient solution elevated the level of antioxidants in leaves of both cultivars; however, it was presented here that the important element of the greater resistance to aluminium toxicity observed in Dańkowskie Złote is larger induction of the antioxidant enzyme activities. The efficient antioxidant defence system in this variety greatly prevented the harmful effect of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the leaf as demonstrated by lower level of lipid peroxidation in and higher photosynthetic capacity revealed by the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The results presented here con­firm that efficient antioxidant defence is an essential component of the resistance to environmental stresses conditions.
PL
W dwu odmianach żyta - Dańkowskie Złote oraz Dańkowskie Rubin - różniących się poziomem tolerancji na obecność jonów Al w podłożu, badano wpływ toksyczności glinu (1 i 5 mM A1C13) na aktywność wybranych enzymów antyoksydacyjnych, stopień oksydacyjnych uszkodzeń lipidów budujących błony biologiczne oraz przebieg procesów fotosyntetycznych. W ramach przeprowa­dzonych prac eksperymentalnych wykazano, że Dańkowskie Złote, klasyfikowane jako bardziej odporne na glin, jest znacząco lepiej przystosowane do niwelowania skutków wtórnego stresu oksydacyjnego, wynikającego ze wzmożonej produkcji reaktywnych form tlenu w warunkach stresu. Decydującym elementem tej adaptacji jest wysoki, konstytutywny poziom obrony anty- oksydacyjnej, wyrażający się wysokim naturalnym poziomem aktywności enzymów dysmutazy ponadtlenkowej czy reduktazy glutationowej. Również poziom aktywności enzymatycznych in­dukowany obecnością jonów Al u obu odmian żyta był znacznie wyższy u odmiany Dańkowskie Złote, niż u Dańkowskie Rubin. W efekcie posiadania skutecznego systemu ochrony antyoksyda- cyjnej Dańkowskie Złote wykazuje znacznie mniejszy stopień uszkodzeń struktur wewnątrzko­mórkowych wywołanych toksycznością glinu oksydacyjnych, co wyrażone zostało między innymi niższym poziomem peroksydacji lipidów oraz mniejszą inhibicją aparatu fotosyntetycznego, niż w przypadku odmiany Dańkowskie Rubin.
EN
The article includes references to studies of the Lubranka Tower (also known as the Senatorska Tower, Olbramka, Wolbromka or the Treasury Tower), the condition of this building, and the progress of its conservation. The first studies of the tower were undertaken in 1881-1882 by Tomasz Prylinski and in the early 20th century by Stanislaw Tomkowicz. Between 1965 and 1969 the Board for Restoration of the Wawel Royal Castle carried out repairs to the crowing part of the building. Analysis of the history and architecture of the tower was included in more extensive elaborations. Studies of the tower were not resumed until 1999, when they were undertaken in connection with its planned conservation. The author discusses results of these investigations, presenting successive stages of the building and refashioning of Lubranka; he also analyses its architectural form and describes some technological details. The next part of the paper is devoted to a description of the condition of the tower prior to its conservation and a discussion of the main points of the conservation guidelines accepted during the meeting of the Conservation Commission on 14th May, 2001. Finally, the article discusses the conservation of the stone- and brickwork and architectural details.
EN
This is an analysis of the climate and energy policy of the European Union and its impact on the economic situation of Poland. The aim of the article is to show the direct impact of modern European Union policy in this area on the economic situation of states, in particular Central Europe. Simultaneously, we develop recommendations for the Polish and the European Union in terms of future climate and energy policy through the analysis of empirical data and practices followed by the European Union countries. The basis of the presented considerations and recommendations is a literature review of the studied subject and a statistical analysis of empirical data, which indicate the financial effectiveness of different energy sources and processes taking place in the world under the discussed issues.
EN
Background: The main purpose of this study was to compare the physiological response and time-motion analysis of male and female soccer players during 4 vs 4 small-sided games. Material/Methods: Thirteen adult, professional, male and fifteen female soccer players, participated in the study. Small-sided games (4 vs 4) were performed in an interval format: 4 x 4 min, 2 min of active recovery. The distance covered by the players during small-sided games and heart rate responses were measured. Results: The average intensity during the small-sided games was between 89.4 and 90.6% HRmax in male and between 88.9 and 90.2% HRmax in female players. The total distance covered by the male soccer players during four bouts of small-sided games was significantly (p < 0.0009) longer. During subsequent games the distance covered by men was 24.7%, 24.2%, 25.5%, and 24.6% longer, respectively, than in women. Conclusions: The results of this study show that intensity (% HRmax) during 4 vs 4 small-sided games is similar in male and female soccer players. Both men and women covered a comparable distance at a speed below 4 m∙s⁻¹. In contrast, the distance covered with a speed exceeding the velocity of 4 m∙s⁻¹ was significantly longer in male soccer players.
EN
Human neural stem cells play an important role in in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the sensitivity of neural stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-NSC) to methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), and its dependence on the type of interaction on cell membrane/biomolecule interface. MeHgCl is well known neurotoxin with documented adverse influence on human central nervous system (CNS) development. Cells were cultured in 96-well plates covered with different adhesive substrates or on Petri dishes microcontact-printed with biofunctional domains. The following biomaterials were used: poly-L-lysine, the synthetic compound, which allows to create electrostatic interactions with cells, or fibronectin and vitronectin, proteins of extracellular matrix, which create receptor mediated interactions between cells and the adhesive substrate. After the incubation with different concentrations of the neurotoxin, the cell viability, ability to proliferate, and to differentiate into neural precursors of HUCB-NSCs was measured with Alamar Blue assay and immunfluorescence stainings. High concentration of MeHgCl (1 µM) significantly decreased viability of cells and their ability to proliferate. The response of cells to the toxic effect of MeHgCl was different depending on the type of adhesive substrate. Domains covered with fibronectin or vitronectin, decreased significantly HUCB-NSC sensitivity to the neurotoxin when compared to poly-L-lysine. Our results suggest that receptor mediated interactions on cell membrane/biomolecule interface may be protective in neural stem cells’ response to certain neurotoxins. Supported by MSHE grant No 5978/B/P01/38 and NN 302663940
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przykładowy układ technologiczny oczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych wysoko obciążonych ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń organicznych zastosowany w jednym z krajowych przedsiębiorstw przemysłu farmaceutycznego. Zawarto również eksperymentalne badania efektywności usuwania związków organicznych ze ścieków podczas beztlenowego oczyszczania w reaktorze typu UASB. Podczas oczyszczania ścieków w mezofilowych warunkach beztlenowych, przy założonym minimalnym progu redukcji ChZTCr wynoszącym 50%, stwierdzono, że obciążenie reaktora ładunkiem ChZTCr nie powinno przekraczać 3 gO2∙dm-3∙d-1.
EN
The article presents an example of technological system of industrial wastewater treatment of highly organic load applied to one of the national pharmaceutical companies. The contents of the experimental study the effectiveness of removing organic compounds from wastewater during anaerobic treatment in UASB type reactor. During wastewater treatment in mesophilic conditions at the assumed minimum threshold for COD-Cr reduction of 50%, the load of the reactor COD-Cr load should not exceed 3 gO2·dm-3·d-1.
EN
The purpose of this study was to present a time motion differences between Romanian and Polish young soccer players during 6 vs 6 small sided games. Young male football players from Schools of Sports Masters in Oradea (Romania) and Łódź (Poland) participated in the study. During the training session the players participated in four small-sided games 6 vs. 6 with goalkeepers (4 × 4 min, 3 min of active recovery). Heart rate responses and distance covered during small-sided games were compared. There were significant differences in the distance covered by both nationality players and age groups in reference to each intensity zone. Polish players coverd significantly longer distance compared with romanian soccer players. The results of motion abilities of young players from two countries with different training systems show that training programs can have a significant effect on adoptive abilities of the players.
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