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Content available System bankowy Republiki Korei
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PL
Artykuł opisuje system bankowy Republiki Korei, w skład którego wchodzą Bank Korei oraz instytucje bankowe – banki komercyjne i wyspecjalizowane. W pierwszej części opisane są południowokoreańskie doświadczenia z czasów azjatyckiego kryzysu finansowego. Następnie artykuł skupia się na funkcjach oraz strukturze organizacyjnej Banku Korei oraz w skrócie przedstawia instytucje bankowe. Na zakończenie przedstawiona jest prognoza dla systemu bankowego Republiki Korei.
EN
This article describes the banking system of the Republic of Korea, which includes Bank of Korea and banking institutions - commercial and specialized banks. In the first part of the article it is briefly described the South Korean experience from the time of the Asian financial crisis. Then the article focuses on the Bank of Korea, its functions, organizational structure and the other banking institutions existing in the banking sector. Later it is presented the forecast for the banking system of the Republic of Korea.
EN
The article describes the impact of socio-cultural conditions on economic growth of the Republic of Korea. It starts with describing the difficult economic situation of South Korea and its unfavorable geopolitical environment immediately after the Korean War in 1953. Then it analyzes the positive impact of socio-cultural factors - a new Confucian ethics, the education system and the diligence of Koreans on the economic growth of the country. The third part of the article focuses on the limits to growth, due to the sociocultural factors - low labor productivity, lack of effective incentives to work or maladjustment to the changing environment of the educational system. The last section describes the economic success that Korea achieved 60 years after the end of fratricidal war, largely thanks to the socio-cultural determinants of the country.
EN
Demographic changes have an impact on the economic situation of all West European countries. Aging of the population and falling fertility rates are challenges that every government on the continent must deal with. The analysis was based on data concerning demographic situation in Germany. It is the most populous country of the European Union, which has been struggling with crucial demographic changes for several decades. The German government has an active pro-family policy, which mainly aims to increase the number of births. Yet, according to forecasts, the population of Germany will decrease, reaching 80% of the population of 2012 by 2060. The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes of demographic changes in Germany, their effects on the public finances, and the potential effects of the implementation of measures to neutralize the unwanted economic phenomena. The main conclusion is that the public finances of Germany will have to cope with new demographic situation, which may involve the need to further reform the pension system, develop a comprehensive family policy, and the activization of the elderly.
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