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VZNIK, VÝVOJ A FORMOVANIE INŠTITUCIONÁLNEHO VZDELÁVANIA NA PRÍKLADE ŠKOLY V RUSKEJ KAJNI NA POZADÍ POLITICKO-SPOLOČENSKÝCH ZMIEN V „DLHOM“ 19. STOROČÍ

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Burda M.

Populačné štúdie Slovenska

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2022

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tom 15

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nr 2

19 - 43

EN

The paper focuses on origin and evolution of one-room elementary school in Ruska Kajňa while we try to clarify realization of academic process also in the period of the 17th and 20th century, where a dominant position in school sector still maintains the church. On the basis of quantity archive material, Schematism of Muckachev and Presov Greek Catholic Bishopric, period literature and secondary sources we describe main trends of origin of general school which was officially in the village from the 1929 and participated in cultural, social and educational evolution of children and adults until the beginning of the 90’s 20th century when thanks to the influence of rationalization, savings and the constant decline of children has ceased.

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VPLYV POLITICKO-SPOLOČENSKÝCH ZMIEN NA JEDNOTRIEDNU ĽUDOVÚ/NÁRODNÚ ŠKOLU V RUSKEJ KAJNI DO ROKU 1968

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Burda M.

Populačné štúdie Slovenska

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2023

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tom 16

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nr 2

49 - 79

EN

The work focuses on the origin and evolution of one-class elementary school in Ruská Kajňa while we try to clarify the realization of the academic process also in the period of the 19th and 20th century, where a dominant position in the school sector still maintains the church and state. On the basis of quantity archive material, period literature and secondary sources we describe main trends of origin of general school which was officially in the village from the 1929 and participated in cultural, social and educational evolution of children and adults until the beginning of 90’s 20th century when thanks to the influence of rationalization, savings and the constant decline of children has ceased.

3

OD PRENASLEDOVANIA AŽ PO VÄZNENIE V ROKOCH PRVEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNY OČAMI JAROSLAVA KMICIKIEWICZA

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Burda M.

Vojenská história

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2022

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tom 26

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nr 3

89 - 106

EN

The author of the study notes that the Habsburg Monarchy is traditionally perceived as a multinational state formation. In addition to Germans and Hungarians, Czechs, Croats, Serbs, Poles, Romanians, Slovaks, Slovenes and Ruthenians lived in this traditional Central European power, inhabiting the north-eastern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary and the territory of the Crown Land of Halych. Because of their linguistic, cultural and confessional affinity with the Russians, who invaded the territory of Galicia and the Carpathian Mountains after the outbreak of the World War I, the Ruthenians fell into disfavour with the Austro-Hungarian authorities. This was also felt by Jaroslav Kmicikiewicz, the son of a Greek-Catholic priest of Ruthenian origin, who was arrested in late August 1914 and transported to the Teresin prisoner-of-war camp, from where his steps led to the Austrian camp of Thalerhof. The paper publishes his personal testimony from the 1970s and offers readers a unique perspective of a persecuted Ruthenian in the period from 1914 to 1918.

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PARTIZÁNSKA AKTIVITA A JEJ NÁSLEDKY V SÚVISLOSTI S POVOJNOVOU OBNOVOU OBCE NA PRÍKLADE RUSKEJ KAJNE

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Burda M.

Vojenská história

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2023

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tom 27

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nr 1

61 - 89

XX

The village of Ruská Kajňa, situated in the Oľka River Valley, is one of the smallest villages in the Humenné district in terms of population. However, the historical events taking place during the 20th century in the village and the entire region, now referred to as the Horná Oľka micro-region, have influenced the political, social, cultural and economic development of the area on the periphery of the interest of the elites. The village was completely burnt down by the German troops, except for the Greek-Catholic church of St. Michael the Archangel. In winter, the inhabitants had to take shelter in the local forests. Upon returning, however, they faced another life-threatening crisis. Only charred torsos remained of their dwellings and outbuildings. After 1945, the process of renovation and construction under the patronage of the restored Czechoslovak Republic and its political elites started. In the study presented, the author deals with these two aspects, in particular the period from 1939 to 1945, with an emphasis on Partisan activity in the vicinity of the village, and the post-war reconstruction. Thus, the goal is to highlight the intersecting problems of the World War 2 period (the Jewish question, Partisan activity, burning of the village). The second part of the paper focuses on the post-war reconstruction of the village, with the whole process being completed in the early 1960s.

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SITUAČNÁ SPRÁVA ZA OKRES HUMENNÉ ZO ZAČIATKU OKTÓBRA 1945 AKO JEDEN Z PRAMEŇOV OPISUJÚCICH STAV MESTA NA PERIFÉRII PO SKONČENÍ DRUHEJ SVETOVEJ VOJNY

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Burda M.

Vojenská história

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2021

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tom 25

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nr 2

170 - 187

EN

The published situation report from October 1945 for the district of Humenné offers a detailed look at the post-war issues of the residents of the town as well as the Upper Zemplín region, affected by the World War 2 battles at the end of 1944 due to the progress of the Red Army through the Carpathian passes to the Slovak inland occupied by German troops. Liberation of the town of Humenné on 26 November 1944 launched a new era of development for this Upper Zemplín town, determined by a number of factors, starting from the lack of erudite officers and policemen loyal to the newly forming Czechoslovakia, road and railway infrastructure devastated by the war and unfit for transport, more or less damaged economic, self-government, school and residential buildings as well as unsatisfactory agricultural land condition due to the number of mines and machinery left by the troops in the field and surrounding woods. On the background of these issues, the first conflicts between the representatives of the Communist Party and Democratic Party unfolded. The situation report from October 1946, mapping the situation in Humenné and the surrounding municipalities is a unique historical document, on the basis of which we can reconstruct the development of the society, which had to face many life challenges even if on the victorious side.

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K PROBLEMATIKE "SLOVENSKÝCH" JEDNOTIEK RAKÚSKO-UHORSKEJ ARMÁDY

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Burda M.

Vojenská história

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2022

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tom 26

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nr 1

7 - 35

EN

The army belongs to the most important pillars of every state unit. The ruler, having at least seemingly a uniformed homogeneous armed mass behind them, could present their power not only in front of their own people, but also in the context of foreign policy. However, the question remains, whether such an idyllic statement can practically be reached. A similar problem was dealt with by the ruling dynasty of the Central European monarchy, the Habsburgs, who, after taking power in the country on the Danube and under the influence of modernisation and technological progress, professionalised the country’s armed forces, which also included men from the territory of Upper Hungary who spoke the Slovak language and its dialect equivalents. Considering the scope of the issue in question, the study deals with the period from the introduction of supplementary districts at the end of the 18th century until the end of World War 1. with the basic methodological feat being the identification and theoretical definition of “Slovak” units (infantry, cavalry, artillery, and technical units), with an emphasis on the elite infantry units, commonly called “Field Jaeger Corps”.

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Pravdaže mi povedali „tauglich“…Spomienky vojaka Juraja Orosiho na Veľkú vojnu

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Burda M.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2024

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tom 27

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nr 2

132-146

EN

About 400 000 men from the territory of today’s Slovakia enlisted in the First World War. Despite their irreplaceable place in the ranks of the Austro-Hungarian army, in which they fought on the front in Galicia, Serbia, Italy and even on the western battlefield, we have very few authentic memories or testimonies of the period from 1914 to 1918. One of those who has preserved his story from the Great War is Juraj Orosi, a native of the eastern Slovak village of Cabov in the Vranov nad Topľou district. Through his memoirs published in Slovak Defense, we go back to August 1915 and the main hero of our story travels to the Galicia battlefield from where, after various peripetias, he reaches the front again in Romania. However, Orosi’s story does not end with the end of the First World War in 1918, but through his lens we follow the events of the first post-revolutionary years, which were characterised by fighting with the Hungarians or the building and formation of state bodies and the army. Juraj Orosi’s memoirs are a valuable source of knowledge about the times that influenced the younger generation and Juraj Orosi himself. He dealt with his disillusionment with the new conditions by moving to the United States. It was there in 1937 that he published his memoirs of the First World War and the founding of Czechoslovakia in Slovenská Obrana (Slovak Defense).

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NÁČRT VÝVOJA PRÁPOROV POĽNÝCH JÁGROV V ARMÁDE HABSBURSKEJ MONARCHIE S DÔRAZOM NA PRÁPORY DISLOKOVANÉ NA ÚZEMÍ SEVERNÉHO UHORSKA

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Burda M.

Vojenská história

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2022

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tom 26

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nr 2

7 - 32

EN

The Field Jaeger Battalions were an integral part of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the World War 1. The origin of these special units in the Habsburg Army dates back to the mid-18th century. This was caused by the tactical-strategic changes on the battlefield, where not only the quantity, but also the quality of the military units themselves determined the outcome. The Field Jaeger Battalions were formed into elite rifle units of the Habsburg Army over the decades. In the early days, men with experience in the forest terrain who knew how to handle a firearm adequately were drafted into these units. With numerous military and organisational changes in the Habsburg Army, the jaegers became an integral part of the armed forces, whose supplementary districts were located in the territory inhabited by Slovaks. These “Slovak” battalions of field jaegers naturally participated in the formation of the Army, in its successes and defeats, and also influenced the cultural, social, political and architectural character of the garrison town. The aim of the study therefore is, on the basis of contemporary military schematics of the Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian Army, to identify and briefly characterize those Field Jaeger Battalions in charge of the replenishment district or one of the organizational components (warehouse, headquarters) on the territory of North-eastern Hungary until 1914.

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OBEC RUSKÁ KAJŇA A PRVÁ SVETOVÁ VOJNA

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Burda M.

Vojenská história

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2020

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tom 24

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nr 1

52 - 87

EN

In the Slovak military historiography focusing on the years from 1914 to 1918, we can only find a few papers dealing with the specifically oriented research focusing on the participation of men of the Austro-Hungarian Army from a particular municipality in the territory of contemporary Slovakia and the military operations in the particular locality. On the example of the municipality of Ruská Kajňa in the today’s district of Humenné, this study monitors the participation of men from this municipality on the battlefields of the World War, analyses the combat activity of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Army at the turn of 1914 and 1915 and also offers a brief view of the demographic development of the municipality until the end of the World War, surely influencing the development of Ruská Kajňa in Czechoslovakia after 1918. In spite of the fact that Ruská Kajňa was not a significant economic, military, cultural-social, political or religious centre of the river Oľka valley in the Zemplín County, it was in this municipality’s surrounding where the strategic combat operations regarding an important crossroad in the direction of Medzilaborce and Stropkov took place, with the local residents having to suffer all the oppressions of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Army in their homes directly. After the frontline moved off back behind the Carpathian Passes, it was necessary to reconstruct the damaged homes and farm buildings, which was very challenging since the men from Ruská Kajňa were recruited to the Austro-Hungarian Army, fulfilling their military duty on the Eastern and Italian front.