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1
Występowanie i biodegradacja wielopierścieniowych weglowodorów aromatycznych w osadach dennych
100%
Klimaszewska K.
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nr 1
2
Wlasciwosci, wystepowanie i przemiany wielopierscieniowych weglowodorow aromatycznych w srodowisku naturalnym
100%
Klimaszewska K.
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nr 4
363-376
3
Sorpcja wielopierscieniowych weglowodorow aromatycznych w osadach dennych pochodzacych z jeziora Zegrzynskiego
63%
Klimaszewska K. , Szperlinski Z.
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nr 1
63-70
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad sorpcją wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych w osadach dennych pochodzących z Jeziora Zegrzyńskiego. Podano równania izoterm adsorpcji fenantrenu, fluorantenu, pirenu, chryzenu, benzofajpirenu w osadach dennych pochodzących z Jeziora Zegrzyńskiego.
EN
The sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments from Zegrzyńskie Lake was examined. Batch experiment was performed in order to determine sorption efficiency in different kinds of sediments from Zegrzyńskie Lake. Five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene benzo[a]pyrene) were chosen to this experiment and sorption process was examined on seven sediments of different properties. Chosen hydrocarbons are of different structure of molecule and different chemical and physical properties. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments and in water phase were measured in the following order: extraction with dichloromethane, concentration on rotary evaporator, silica gel clean up, n-hexane elution, concentration on rotary evaporator and in vials, GC/MS analysis. Chemical composition of aquatic sediments were examined using methods for sewage sludge and soils analysis. In every sediment concentrations of PAHs, organic matter and organic: carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulphur were measured. Also fractional analysis of sediments was made. Isotherms of sorption were measured for these sediments and compounds. Equations of these isotherms were performed and were used in order to find relationships between sorption efficiency and sediments composition. Depending on sediment properties and composition different concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were found in solid phase. Sediments of high quantities of organic matter and small particles were the best sorbents for PAHs. Fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were efficiently sorbed in sediments of high concentration of organic matter. And efficiency of phenanhrene and benzo[a]pyrene sorption were better in sediments with high quantity of organic sulphur.
4
Content available Conifer somatic embryogenesis: I. Development
63%
Klimaszewska K. , Cyr D. R.
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2002
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tom 48
EN
The discovery of conifer somatic embryogenesis (SE) and the subsequent development of SE protocols for a range of genera and species have opened new research opportunities to forest biotechnologists and a means towards mass clonal propagation for the forest industry. This paper provides a general description of the conifer SE process, followed by a review of protocols developed specifically for several conifer species in the Pinaceae family for which production of somatic trees has been demonstrated. Additionally, future research needs, including approaches for developing markers to optimize SE process and the production of high quality embryos, are discussed.
5
Content available Influence of exposure to patient aggression and professional experience on the psychological condition of various groups of healthcare workers
51%
Kowalczuk K. , Krajewska-Kułak E. , Klimaszewska K.
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nr 2
99-104
EN
Purpose:To analyze the relationship between the psychological condition of representatives from various professional groups of healthcare workers, the degree of their exposure to patient aggression, as well as with the duration of their professional experience.Materials and methods:Study participants (n=1498) were employed at open and closed healthcare units within Podlaskie province: 493 nurses, 504 midwives and 501 physicians. The Work Features Evaluation Questionnaire and General Health Evaluation Questionnaire GHQ28 were applied, and the psychological condition of medical staff was examined based on a 30-question surveyResults:When analyzing all of the groups of medical personnel, the mean level of exposure to patient aggression fell within the moderate range. The highest level of aggression was experienced amongst nurses, while the lowest – amongst midwives. The analyzed groups did not differ significantly in terms of the level of their psychological condition. With the exception of physicians, no significant association was observed between levels of patient aggression and the psychological condition of the medical personnel. Amongst physicians, individuals who experienced lower levels of aggression were characterized by significantly higher psychological condition values when compared to personnel exposed to moderate or high levels of patient aggression. No significant linear correlations between psychological condition levels and the frequency of patient aggression or duration of professional experience were noted in any of the analyzed professional groups.Conclusions:A moderate level of exposure to patient aggression is not the main factor affecting the psychological condition of medical personnel.
6
Analiza mikrostruktury i właściwości mechanicznych stali VM12-SHC po eksploatacji
51%
Klimaszewska K. , Merda A. , Urbańczyk P. , Golański G.
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tom Vol. 85, nr 12
424--426
PL
Badaniom poddano stal VM12-SHC po eksploatacji w temperaturze 545-560°C przy ciśnieniu pary 4,5 MPa po czasie 18 301 godzin. Zakres przeprowadzonych badań obejmował: określenie składu chemicznego zrealizowane za pomocą spektrometru iskrowego SpectroLab K2 oraz analizę mikrostrukturalną wykonaną za pomocą skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM). Zakres przeprowadzonych badań mechanicznych obejmował: pomiar twardości metodą Vickers’a, statyczną próbę rozciągania oraz próbę udarności. Analizę wydzieleń przeprowadzono za pomocą metody izolatów węglikowych. Badana stal po eksploatacji charakteryzowała się strukturą martenzytyczną z licznymi wydzieleniami węglików M23C6, fazy Lavesa oraz złożonych azotków CrNbN (faza Z). Przeprowadzone badania mikrostruktury i właściwości mechanicznych stali VM12-SHC wykazały względnie niewielki stopień degradacji badanego materiału, co przełożyło się na zachowane nadal wysokie właściwości mechaniczne badanej stali.
EN
The investigated material was VM12-SHC steel after service at the temperature of 545-560°C and steam pressure of 4.5 MPa after 18 301 hours. The scope of the research included: the study of the chemical composition using a spark spectrometer SpectroLab K2, and microstructural tests by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The scope of mechanical tests included: the hardness measurement by the Vickers method, the static test of tension and the impact strength test. The analysis of precipitates was performed using the method of carbide isolates. The examined steel after service was characterised by a martensitic structure with numerous precipitations of M23C6 carbides, Laves phase and CrNbN (Z phase). The tests performed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of VM12-SHC steel showed a relatively minor degree of degradation of the examined material, which was reflected in high mechanical properties of the investigated steel.
7
Content available Microstructure and mechanical properties of a similar T24 steel welded joint after service
51%
Merda A. , Golański G. , Urbańczyk P. , Klimaszewska K.
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tom T. 70, nr 2
37--41
EN
The material under investigation was a welded joint made of 7CrMoVTiB10-10 (T24) steel after 36,000 hours of use at the temperature of 540°C and pressure of 27 MPa. The test samples for the study were taken from a membrane wall of a USC steam boiler. The research scope included: analysis of chemical composition of the original and the additional material (weld pass), investigation of the microstructure using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, as well as tests of mechanical properties of the joint - hardness measurement. It was proved that the investigated joint was characterised by a regular structure, without any welding defects, which probably resulted from the application of the additional material based on the CrMo steel from the weld root side. The observation showed that the microstructure of the original material consisted of granular bainite with numerous precipitates. In the heat affected zone and in the weld, the microstructure of lath bainite (bainitic-martensitic microstructure) was observed, also with numerous precipitates. The hardness of the analysed joint was lower than the limiting value of 350HV.
PL
Badaniu poddano jednoimienne złącze spawane stali 7CrMoVTiB10-10 (T24) po ok. 36 000 godzinach eksploatacji w temperaturze 540°C i ciśnieniu 27 MPa. Próbki do badań pobrano z wycinka ściany szczelnej kotła energetycznego na parametry nadkrytyczne. Zakres przeprowadzonych badań obejmował: analizę składu chemicznego materiału rodzimego oraz materiału dodatkowego, badania mikrostrukturalne za pomocą mikroskopii świetlnej i skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej oraz badania właściwości mechanicznych złącza - pomiar twardości. Wykazano, że badane złącze charakteryzuje się prawidłową budową, bez niezgodności spawalniczych, co zapewne wynika z zastosowania od strony grani materiału dodatkowego na bazie stali CrMo. Przeprowadzone obserwacje wykazały, że mikrostruktura materiału rodzimego składa się z bainitu ziarnistego z licznymi wydzieleniami. W strefie wpływu ciepła i spoinie obserwowano mikrostrukturę bainitu listwowego (bainityczno-martenzytyczną) również z licznymi wydzieleniami. Twardość analizowanego złącza była niższa od wartości granicznej wynoszącej 350HV.
8
Nowe żarowytrzymałe stale o strukturze austenitycznej dla energetyki
51%
Golański G. , Merda A. , Klimaszewska K.
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tom Vol. 85, nr 12
410--416
PL
Rozwój przemysłu energetycznego determinowany jest obecnie wymaganiami środowiskowymi Unii Europejskiej, co wymusza stosowanie rozwiązań proekologicznych, których celem jest ograniczenie negatywnego wpływu tej dziedziny gospodarki na środowisko. Jednym z takich rozwiązań jest wzrost parametrów pracy bloków energetycznych, celem ograniczenia emisji zanieczyszczeń oraz podwyższenie ich sprawności. Wzrost parametrów pracy bloków wymusza wprowadzenie nowych, żarowytrzymałych materiałów konstrukcyjnych między innymi nowoczesnych, żarowytrzymałych stali austenitycznych. W artykule na podstawie badań własnych oraz danych literaturowych przedstawiono podstawową charakterystykę nowoczesnych żarowytrzymałych stali austenitycznych w stanie dostawy – TP374HFG, Super 304H, HR3C oraz Sanicro 25.
EN
The development of the power industry is currently determined by the environmental requirements of European Union, which forces the use of proecological solutions. The aim of these solutions is limiting the negative influence of this branch of economics on the environment. One of these solutions consists in raising the working parameters of power units to limit the emission of pollution and increase the efficiency. The growth of the parameters of work of power units forces the introduction of modern creep-resisting construction materials, among other, the modern creep-resisting austenitic steels. The paper presents the basic characteristics of modern creep-resisting austenitic steels in delivery condition: TP374HFG, Super 304H, HR3C and Sanicro 25 on the basis of the authors’ research and the literature data.
9
Content available Examinations of the Welded Joint T91 Steel After Service at Elevated Temperature
51%
Golański G. , Merda A. , Klimaszewska K. , Wieczorek P.
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2020
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tom Vol. 65, iss. 1
237--242
EN
The article provides results of the microstructure examinations and mechanical properties (hardness and microhardness tests) of the welded joint T91 steel taken from the live steam pipeline. Examined joint has been exploited for about 45 000 hours in a temperature of 535°C and the steam pressure equals to 13.5 MPa. Examined joint was made as a double bead by the additional materials with a different chemical composition. It was proved that the joint was characterized by a differential microstructure on the cross-section of the weld. Moreover, decarburized zone in the lower alloyed material and carbides zone in the higher alloyed material were revealed in the weld line and on the boundary penetration of beads. Furthermore, it was shown that the main mechanism of a joint degradation is a privileged precipitation of carbides on the grain boundaries, and an increase of their size.
10
Content available remote Microstructure and mechanical properties of the Sanicro 25 steel after ageing
51%
Merda A. , Sroka M. , Klimaszewska K. , Golański G.
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tom Vol. 91, nr 1
5--11
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the research was to determine and analyse the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Sanicro 25 steel in the as-received condition and after ageing at 600, 650 and 700°C for up to 10,000 hours. Design/methodology/approach: The scope of the investigations included: microstructural investigation – SEM microscopy, analysis of precipitation performed using TEM microscopy, investigation of mechanical properties, Vickers hardness measurement. Findings: In the as-received condition, the Sanicro 25 steel was characterised by austenitic microstructure with annealing twins and numerous primary precipitates. The analysis of Sanicro 25 steel microstructure after ageing at 600 and 700°C for up to 10,000 hours revealed significant changes in the microstructure consisting mainly in a tendency to create unfavourable morphology of secondary precipitates – M23C6 carbides that form continuous carbide systems along the grain boundaries. The observations have shown that during long-term ageing the secondary carbides were also precipitated inside the grains and at the interface of three grain boundaries – σ phase. Research limitations/implications: The analysis of the microstructure of the examined steel using SEM and TEM was performed to determine the influence of ageing on the processes of changes in the precipitate morphology. Practical implications: The results obtained based on the performed research constitute a building block for the degradation characteristics of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the 23/25-type austenitic steels. Originality/value: The results of the investigation and analysis of the metallographic and mechanical properties of the Sanicro25 austenitic steel in as-received condition and after ageing are presented.
11
Content available Metallurgical analysis of the causes of failure of the hardening furnace conveyor belt
51%
Merda A. , Klimaszewska K. , Sroka M. , Golański G.
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tom Vol. 98, nr 2
68--73
EN
Purpose: The aim of the tests was to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of a section of the hardening furnace conveyor belt serviced at the temperature of 880-920°C in the carburizing atmosphere, in the context of determining the probable causes of its failure. Design/methodology/approach: The scope of performed tests included: chemical composition analysis of the steel and particles, microstructure investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis. Findings: The analysis of the chemical composition showed that the examined material was austenitic steel X15CrNiSi25-21 (S310). Performed metallurgical tests showed that after the service the examined steel was characterized by austenitic structure with numerous precipitates of diverse morphology. In the structure the sigma phase particles and probably the M23C6 carbides precipitates were observed. The continuous grid of precipitates on the boundaries of grains (mainly the sigma phase) and the influence of the cyclic changing heat loads (or thermo-mechanical loads) were the main causes of failure of the analysed detail. Research limitations/implications: The aim of the work was to determine the probable causes of damage of the material used for a conveyor belt of a hardening furnace. Practical implications: The results of investigation and analysis of the metallographic of het-resisting austenitic steel X15CrNiSi25-21 (S310) after service at the temperature of 880-920°C are presented. Originality/value: The paper presents the results of research on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the section of hardening furnace conveyor belt made of creepresisting austenitic steel. The aim of the performed tests was to determine the probable causes of damage of the analysed detail.
12
Wpływ starzenia na mikrostrukturę i właściwości stali HR3C
51%
Klimaszewska K. , Golański G. , Urbańczyk P.
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2018
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tom nr 11
622--624
PL
Badaniom metaloznawczym poddano stal HR3C w stanie dostawy oraz po procesie starzenia w temperaturze 600°C i 700°C w czasie do 10 000 godzin. Zakres przeprowadzonych badań obejmował: badania strukturalne za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej oraz badania mechaniczne: pomiar twardości i próbę udarności. Stal HR3C w stanie dostawy dostarczana jest po ­przesycaniu. Charakteryzuje się mikrostrukturą austenityczną z bliźniakami wyżarzania oraz z licznymi wydzieleniami pierwotnymi. Struktura ta zapewnia uzyskanie wysokiej ciągliwości (praca łamania na poziomie 212 J) i względnie niskiej twardości 176 HV30. Obserwacje mikroskopowe stali HR3C po procesie starzenia ujawniły istotne zmiany mikrostruktury polegające głównie na tendencji do tworzenia niekorzystnej morfologii wydzieleń faz wtórnych na granicach ziaren, wewnątrz ziaren oraz na pojedynczych granicach bliźniaczych. Procesy te przyczyniły się do spadku ciągliwości badanej stali przy jednoczesnym wzroście twardości. Bardziej zaawansowane procesy wydzieleniowe obserwowano w stali starzonej w temperaturze 700°C.
EN
The physical metallurgical tests were performed on HR3C steel in the as-received state and after the process of ageing at the temperature of 600°C and 700°C, at times up to 10 000 hours. The range of the conducted tests included: structural tests using the scanning electron ­microscopy and mechanical tests: measurement of hardness and impact strength tests. The HR3C steel in the as-received condition was delivered after supersaturation and was characterised by the austenitic microstructure with annealing twins and numerous primary precipitates. Such a structure ensured obtaining high ductility (notch toughness at the level of 212 J) and relatively low hardness of 176 HV30. The microscopic observations of the HR3C steel after the ageing process revealed significant changes in the microstructure consisting mostly in the tendency to form unfavourable morphology of the secondary phases precipitates on the boundaries of grains, inside the grains, as well as on single twin boundaries. These processes contributed to a decrease in ductility of the examined steel, at the concurrent growth of hardness. The more advanced precipitation processes were observed in the steel aged at the temperature of 700°C.
13
Influence of mobile sources on pollution of runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity
51%
Klimaszewska K. , Polkowska Z. , Namiesnik J.
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nr 6
889-897
EN
This paper presents the results of monitoring and evaluating the degree of environmental pollution in gdańsk, Poland, based on the analysis of rainwater and runoff waters from roads with high traffic intensity. Rainwater and road runoff were collected at two sites located in gdańsk. The concentrations of the follow­ing analytes were determined: petroleum hydrocarbons (PH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Pah), heavy metals, anions, cations and pH. Road runoff from the two sites was slightly basic with average pH values ranging from 7.04 to 7.45. Heavy metals concentrations in runoff water samples were higher than in rainwater samples. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were observed in precipitation samples and runoff samples during the day, which is connected with traffic intensity. The concentration of ions, PH and PAH in runoff waters was higher than in precipitation waters and increased during the day, together with increasing traffic intensity. Overall, the results confirmed that road runoff waters are heavily polluted and their quality should be monitored.
14
Content available Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Welded Joints of Thor 115 Steel
45%
Golański G. , Merda A. , Klimaszewska K. , Urzynicok M. , Słania J. , Golański G. , Merda A. , Klimaszewska K. , Urzynicok M. , Słania J.
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15
Comparison of ion chromatography and isotachophoresis for the determination of selected anions in atmospheric wet deposition samples
45%
Klimaszewska K. , Konieczka P. , Polkowska Z. , Gorecki T. , Namiesnik J.
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nr 1
93-99
EN
Isotachophoresis using coupled capillaries (ITP) and ion chromatography (IC) – two analytical procedures for the determination of anions in atmospheric wet deposition – were compared. Both techniques were used for the determination of anions in small volume samples of dew, rime and fog deposition. IC was characterized by lower limits of detection and quantitation. The wide dynamic range of the technique made it suitable for accurate and precise determination of the analytes in samples of widely different matrices and analyte levels. No significant differences were observed between the two techniques in terms of time- and labor intensity.
16
Content available remote Microstructure and mechanical properties of HR3C austenitic steel after service
38%
Golański G. , Kolan C. , Zieliński A. , Klimaszewska K. , Merda A. , Sroka M. , Kłosowicz J.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
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2016
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tom Vol. 81, nr 2
62--67
EN
Purpose: The purpose of the investigations was to determine changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of HR3C creep resisting austenitic steel after service. Design/methodology/approach: The investigations were performed on test specimens taken from a part of the steam superheater tube. The range of the investigations included: microstructural investigations - light and SEM microscope; analysis of precipitates - carbide isolates; investigations of mechanical properties - hardness measurement, static tensile test, impact test. Findings: The precipitation processes at the grain boundaries lead to increase in intergranular corrosion of the HR3C steel resulting in loss of grains in the structure. The impact strength testing on test specimens with reduced width may result in overestimation of crack resistance of the material after service. Research limitations/implications: The comprehensive analysis of precipitation processes requires TEM examinations. Finding the correlation between the impact strength determined on standard vs. non-standard test specimens with reduced width. Practical implications: The obtained results of investigations are used in industrial practice for diagnosis of pressure parts of power boilers. Test procedures developed based on comprehensive materials testing conducted under laboratory conditions are used in upgrading and design of pressure parts of steam boilers. The results of investigations are also the element of database of the materials characteristics of steels and alloys as well as welded joints made of them working under creep conditions developed by the Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy. Originality/value: The results and analysis of the investigations of microstructure and mechanical properties of HR3C steel after service under actual boiler conditions are presented.
17
Content available remote Wykorzystanie różnych form opadów i osadów atmosferycznych do oceny zanieczyszczenia środowiska w różnych regionach geograficznych Polski. Cz. 3, Szron i sadź
38%
Sobik M. , Polkowska Ż. , Błaś M. , Klimaszewska K. , Walna B. , Namieśnik J.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S
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2009
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tom Vol. 16, nr 1
81-105
PL
Przedstawiono badania dotyczące oznaczenia stężeń wybranych związków nieorganicznych i organicznych w próbkach szronu i sadzi. Próbki pobierano w dziewięciu punktach na terenie całej Polski. Miejsca pobierania próbek podzielono ze względu na ich różny charakter: teren wiejski, teren miejski w głębi lądu oraz wybrzeże o charakterze miejskim (szron); szczyt górski, kotlina górska oraz wybrzeże o charakterze miejskim (sadź). Oznaczano stężenia następujących analitów: anionów (Cl-, F-, Br-, NO2,NO3-, SO4(2-)- i PO4(3-), kationów (K+, Na+, NH4+ Mg2+ i Ca2+), formaldehydu, sumy fenoli. Wykonano również pomiar pH i przewodności elektrolitycznej. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz mogą być źródłem' informacji o stanie środowiska na terenie aglomeracji miejskich (tereny silnie zurbanizowane) i wiejskich. Przeprowadzone analizy pokazały różne poziomy stężeń oznaczanych analitów w zależności od miejsca pobierania próbek, a także panujących, w okresie pobierania próbek, warunków meteorologicznych.
EN
Abstract: Research of hoarfrost and rime samples was made in order to determine the concentration level of selected organic and inorganic compounds. The samples were collected at nine sampling points in Poland. The sampling sites were divided according to the type of land topography: rural, inland urban and coastal urban areas (hoarfrost); mountain top, mountain concave and coastal urban areas (rime). The concentration levels of the following analytes were determined: cations (NH4+ , Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+), anions (Cl-, F-, Br-, NO2, NO3-, SO4(3-), PO4(3-), formaldehyde and sum of phenols. The sampies were also analyzed for pH and conductivity. The obtained results can be a source of information about the state of environment in urban agglomerations (highly urbanized regions) and rural areas. The conducted analyses confirmed the relationships between concentration levels of the determined compounds and such factors, as: land topography (sampling site) and meteorological conditions prevailing during the sampling period.
18
Content available Validation of the Polish version of the Anderson and Dedrick Trust in Physician scale
23%
Krajewska-Kułak E. , Kułak W. , Łukaszuk C. , Lewko J. , Sengupta P. , Cybulski M. , Guzowski A. , Kowalczuk K. , Jankowiak B. , Kowalewska B. , Kondzior D. , Rolka H. , Baranowska A. , Lankau A. , Klimaszewska K. , Sierakowska M. , Krajewska-Ferishah K. , Szyszko-Perłowska A.
Progress in Health Sciences
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2018
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tom 8(1)
27-35
EN
Purpose: The aim of this study was to validate the Trust in Physician Scale (TPS) for Polish patients. Materials and Methods: The validation of a Polish-language version of Anderson and Dedrick’s TPS was performed with a group of 849 patients. Validation consisted of the translation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Polish TPS and its application among Polish-speaking patients. We also explored the TPS with the patient’s sex, age, education, income, marital status, and number of physician visits. Results: The internal consistency of the Polish TPS was high (Cronbach’s alpha = .891). In our study, the TPS is positively associated with age, education, income, marital status, and number of physician visits. Also, we have found that the TPS is negatively associated with sex and place of residence. Conclusions: The Polish-language scale fulfills all the criteria of psychometric and functional validation with the original version of the Trust in Physician Scale.
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