Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Is the information contained in coin designs fully reliable?

100%

Suchodolski S.

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nr 2(186)

117-138

EN

It is widely believed that the data contained in coin designs are fully reliable. In fact, the metrical data, i.e. information about the issuer, place and time of mintage are not always accurate. This can be the case of modern or even almost contemporary coins. Dates on coins happened not to be updated under Russian partition, German occupations during the WW II and Russian occupation in Polish People Republic. Unmatched record are thalers with an image and name of the Empress Maria Theresa (d. 1780) minted in large quantities in different countries with the same design for two hundred years. Although a similar situation could have existed in the early Middle Ages, we are lacking written sources to confirm that. The very coins are thus the only source. There are two main reasons why designs, these certificates of coins, happened to be false: first, because foreign coin designs were imitated; second, because own coin designs were not changed and thus underwent immobilization. In the first case, coins with the best reputation were imitated: Roman, Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Cologne coins, but also gold Arabic dinars. The best known examples of immobilized coins are Carolingian and Saxon pennies and pfennings with the names of the King Otto III and the Empress Adelheid. The latter were minted in large quantities for more than half a century. Therefore they were imitated both in Saxony and Poland, where also Anglo-Saxon, Bavarian and Czech patterns were copied. The best way to identify the real issuer, place and time of issuing of various imitations is to examine the die-links between these imitations and coins with ascertained designs. Nevertheless, sometimes new information contained in the designs of coins, and not taken from outside or from the past, is false. Good example are the twelfth / thirteenth century regional issues of a number of dukes in Poland who did not possess the right of minting. Therefore they issued coins with the names and images of their late fathers or even earlier ancestor. Errors in identifying coins may, however, arise not only from entrusting the false certificates, but also because of the improper interpretation of the designs. It is assumed, for example, that the legends explain the images from the field. In fact, words and images were separate elements that did not have to match. Falsifying legends occurred more frequently than one might expect in different times and on various territories. The driving force behind such actions was mainly economic, and sometimes also political. Accidents also played role. Therefore one must first thoroughly examine a coin, before he makes an attempt to interpret it as a historical source. Slightly extended version of this text in Polish was to appear in the publication of materials from the conference Money and Banking in Great Poland held in Poznań on 20-21 November 2008 (35 figures).

2

Ikonografia monet Sobiesława Sławnikowica

100%

Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2006

|

tom 50

|

nr 1 (181)

127-146

EN

Sobieslav, Slavnik's son, ruled in Bohemia's north-eastern part in the years 981-995. Libice was the capital of his state. Its relationship with the other Czech state of the time is not clear. It was ruled from its capital at Prague by the Prernyslid dynasty at that time represented by Boleslav II (972-999). The rivalry between the two duchies carne to an end in 995, when the Duke of Prague seized and destroyed Libice. Despite this, Sobieslav and his two brothers (Adalbert, Bishop of Prague [†997] and Gaudentius, later the Archbishop of Gniezno in Poland) survived the pogrom. There are three main types of coins of Sobieslav. All of them were issued before 995, presumably in the years 985-995. Type I presents the Manus Dei upon the obverse, different birds being shown on the reverse. The le variant- an image of a hand holding a sword (Cach 159) - has been analysed at length (Fig. 1). It is a compilation of two types of the coins of the Prernyslid Boleslav II -the image of a hand and the image of a sword. What came into being as a result is a combination in which the hand has stretched out fingers while the transversely situated sword is held merely by the thumb. Such an arrangement is not coincidental whatsoever: it has its analogies both upon coins and miniatures (Fig. 2-6). The author of the scene wanted to convince the receivers of the coins that the Dextera Dei bestows upon the emitter a sword, i.e. the Word of God alongside a blessing. The bird presented on the other side was formerly interpreted as a pelican or eagle getting ready for the flight. The author suggests that the prototype of the scene showed the eagle at grips with a snake (Fig. 7). However, the author of the type did not understand the idea, thus in place of the snake he just presented a horizontal line. The designs of Type II-a bust and the Dextera Dei (Cach 146; Fig. 15)-had been inspired by the coins of Ethelred II, yet- by proxy of those by Boleslav Il (Cach 122; Fig. 16). In Type III a crowned en face head is combined with the design of a Saxon type church (Cach 162; Fig. 17). Since the head is accompanied by the duke's name (ZOBEZLAV), so far it has been taken for granted that this is his symbol. The author suggests that at that time there didn't have to be a compliance between the two basic elements of the die: the type and the surrounding inscription. This is why he maintains that the head represents either emperor Otto III (just like upon Deventer coins, Dbg 560; Fig. 18), Christ the King, or St Venceslav. The latter seems to be the most probable one. The cult of the said saint among Slavnik's descendants, known from written sources, proves that. The authors concludes that patterns for the images upon Sobieslav's coins had been taken both from coins by Boleslav II (Anglo-Saxon type) and the Empire - from Lower Lorraine (Deventer) and Saxony (denarii by Otto and Adelaide, Fig. 23). There was also a non-monetary source that provided the bird motifs (eagle?, peacock, pigeon?). It was applied both upon the coins by Boleslav Il (Fig. I 0-12) and those by Sobieslav (Fig. I, 8, 9). One might suppose that the impulse for their use may have come from the Bishop of Prague, Adalbert or somebody from his milieu. On the other hand, however, we do not agree with Gustav Skalsky in seeing here any Polish influences on the iconography of these coins, thus providing a basis for his inference that Sobieslav's state would rather have inclined towards that of Boleslav the Brave. Apart from imitating foreign patterns, the deliberate modification thereof is also to be observed upon Sobieslav's coins. This is how the extremely unusual image of the Hand of God (the blessing being accompanied by the gift of the sword of the Word of God) came into being. By means of combination of the two types of Boleslav Il, a representation with a new content was obtained. The crowned en face head, presumably an image of St Venceslav, might be regarded as an adaptation of the Imperial pattern (or perhaps the so called Boleslav I l's byzantinizing type, Fig. 20). The great importance of Sobieslavs coins for studying the history of his state has been confirmed by research. However, the results differ from those so far accepted by Czech scientists. First of all suggestions of political manifestation carried out by Sobieslav by means of coins must be given up. He was supposed to have provoked Boleslav I I by the mere fact of his coinage having been started, which allegedly infringed upon his coinage regale. The crown on Sobieslav's head, shaking the sword and boasting with the eagle was supposedly another provocation. Much more probable is that the images upon the coins were religious symbols. Yet, if they were to allude to the contemporary situation, it seems more plausible to see them hinting at the protection of supernatural forces. This was very important in the face of the growing threat on the part of a stronger neighbour.

3

Znaleziska monet wczesnośredniowiecznych w okolicy Włodzimierza Wołyńskiego

100%

Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2021

|

tom 65

101-111

EN

According to the finds, Polish and Western European coins reached western Ukraine in two stages: in the 10th /11th century and in the first half of the 12th century. Some of these coins (but usually without Polish ones) were transported further east, to the vicinity of Kiev. On the other hand, Western European coins flowed into the territories of Northern Rus’ from the north. This text is based on data contained both in the literature (including recent one) and information not yet published, kindly provided by researchers from Ukraine (A. Kryzhanivskiy) and from the Czech Republic (J. Videman).

PL

Jak świadczą znaleziska, monety polskie i zachodnioeuropejskie docierały na zachodnią Ukrainę w dwóch fazach: w X/XI i w 1. połowie XII w. Część z tych monet (ale na ogół już bez polskich) była transportowana dalej na wschód, aż do okolic Kijowa. Na tereny Rusi północnej natomiast monety zachodnioeuropejskie napływały z północy. Tekst niniejszy opiera się na danych zawartych zarówno w literaturze (także najnowszej), jak i na informacjach jeszcze nie publikowanych, uprzejmie udostępnionych przez badaczy z Ukrainy (A. Kriżanivskij) i z Czech (J. Videman).

4

L'usage de la monnaie a l'epoque merovingienne

100%

Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

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2003

|

tom 47

|

nr 1 (175)

77-90

5

A New/Old Coin Type of Bolesław I the Brave, and a Hoard That Was Not There

100%

Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2022

|

tom 66

167-180

PL

Punktem wyjścia do napisania tego tekstu była publikacja przypisanej Bolesławowi Chrobremu (992–1025), księciu Polski, monety z imieniem BOLEZLAV i obustronnym przedstawieniem kaplicy (Grossmanová, Matejko-Peterka, Kašparová 2018; Fig. 4). Jest ona obecnie przechowywana w Muzeum Ziemi Morawskiej w Brnie. Moneta ta znana była w literaturze już od połowy XIX w. (Cappe 1850). Starsi badacze przydzielali ją bądź Bolesławowi III w Czechach (Cappe 1850; Hanka 1856), bądź Bolesławowi Chrobremu w Polsce (Stronczyński 1884; Fiala 1895; Gumowski 1939). Nowsi badacze w ogóle ją ignorowali, podejrzewając, że jest jakimś nieokreślonym naśladownictwem lub nowożytnym falsyfikatem. Za jej autentycznością przemawia jednak fakt, że pierwotnie była ona w kolekcji H. Dannenberga. A ostatecznie sprawę przesądziła publikacja w katalogu aukcyjnym (Warszawskie Centrum Numizmatyczne, aukcja 67, obiekt 132) monety, której jedna strona została wybita tym samym stemplem co i moneta z Brna (Fig. 5). Pozwoliło to postulować istnienie nowego, już czwartego łańcucha powiązań stempli monet Bolesława Chrobrego (Fig. 6).

EN

The starting point for this text was the publication of a coin, assigned to Bolesław I the Brave (992–1025), Prince of Poland, with the name BOLEZLAV and a two-side representation of a chapel (Grossmanová, Matejko-Peterka, Kašparová 2018; Fig. 4). It is currently stored in the Moravian Museum in Brno. This coin has been known in the literature since the mid-19th century (Cappe 1850). Former researchers assigned it either to Boleslav III in the Bohemia (Cappe 1850; Hanka 1856) or to Bolesław I the Brave in Poland (Stronczyński 1884; Fiala 1895; Gumowski 1939). Newer researchers ignored it completely, suspecting that it was some kind of imitation or contemporary falsification. However, its authenticity is supported by the fact that it was originally in the collection of H. Dannenberg. Finally, the matter was decided by the publication in the auction catalogue (Warszawskie Centrum Numizmatyczne, Auction no. 67, item 132) of a coin minted on one side with the same die as the coin from Brno (Fig. 5). This allows us to postulate the existence of a new fourth die-chain in the coinage of Bolesław I the Brave (Fig. 6).

6

Ikonografia monet Sobiesława Sławnikowica

100%

Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2006

|

tom 50

|

nr 2(182)

127-146

EN

Sobieslav, Slavnik's son, ruled in Bohemia's north-eastern part in the years 981-995. Libice was the capital of his state. Its relationship with the other Czech state of the time is not clear. It was ruled from its capital at Prague by the Prernyslid dynasty at that time represented by Boleslav II (972-999). The rivalry between the two duchies carne to an end in 995, when the Duke of Prague seized and destroyed Libice. Despite this, Sobieslav and his two brothers (Adalbert, Bishop of Prague [†997] and Gaudentius, later the Archbishop of Gniezno in Poland) survived the pogrom. There are three main types of coins of Sobieslav. All of them were issued before 995, presumably in the years 985-995. Type I presents the Manus Dei upon the obverse, different birds being shown on the reverse. The le variant- an image of a hand holding a sword (Cach 159) - has been analysed at length (Fig. 1). It is a compilation of two types of the coins of the Prernyslid Boleslav II -the image of a hand and the image of a sword. What came into being as a result is a combination in which the hand has stretched out fingers while the transversely situated sword is held merely by the thumb. Such an arrangement is not coincidental whatsoever: it has its analogies both upon coins and miniatures (Fig. 2-6). The author of the scene wanted to convince the receivers of the coins that the Dextera Dei bestows upon the emitter a sword, i.e. the Word of God alongside a blessing. The bird presented on the other side was formerly interpreted as a pelican or eagle getting ready for the flight. The author suggests that the prototype of the scene showed the eagle at grips with a snake (Fig. 7). However, the author of the type did not understand the idea, thus in place of the snake he just presented a horizontal line. The designs of Type II-a bust and the Dextera Dei (Cach 146; Fig. 15)-had been inspired by the coins of Ethelred II, yet- by proxy of those by Boleslav Il (Cach 122; Fig. 16). In Type III a crowned en face head is combined with the design of a Saxon type church (Cach 162; Fig. 17). Since the head is accompanied by the duke's name (ZOBEZLAV), so far it has been taken for granted that this is his symbol. The author suggests that at that time there didn't have to be a compliance between the two basic elements of the die: the type and the surrounding inscription. This is why he maintains that the head represents either emperor Otto III (just like upon Deventer coins, Dbg 560; Fig. 18), Christ the King, or St Venceslav. The latter seems to be the most probable one. The cult of the said saint among Slavnik's descendants, known from written sources, proves that. The authors concludes that patterns for the images upon Sobieslav's coins had been taken both from coins by Boleslav II (Anglo-Saxon type) and the Empire - from Lower Lorraine (Deventer) and Saxony (denarii by Otto and Adelaide, Fig. 23). There was also a non-monetary source that provided the bird motifs (eagle?, peacock, pigeon?). It was applied both upon the coins by Boleslav Il (Fig. I 0-12) and those by Sobieslav (Fig. I, 8, 9). One might suppose that the impulse for their use may have come from the Bishop of Prague, Adalbert or somebody from his milieu. On the other hand, however, we do not agree with Gustav Skalsky in seeing here any Polish influences on the iconography of these coins, thus providing a basis for his inference that Sobieslav's state would rather have inclined towards that of Boleslav the Brave. Apart from imitating foreign patterns, the deliberate modification thereof is also to be observed upon Sobieslav's coins. This is how the extremely unusual image of the Hand of God (the blessing being accompanied by the gift of the sword of the Word of God) came into being. By means of combination of the two types of Boleslav Il, a representation with a new content was obtained. The crowned en face head, presumably an image of St Venceslav, might be regarded as an adaptation of the Imperial pattern (or perhaps the so called Boleslav I l's byzantinizing type, Fig. 20). The great importance of Sobieslavs coins for studying the history of his state has been confirmed by research. However, the results differ from those so far accepted by Czech scientists. First of all suggestions of political manifestation carried out by Sobieslav by means of coins must be given up. He was supposed to have provoked Boleslav I I by the mere fact of his coinage having been started, which allegedly infringed upon his coinage regale. The crown on Sobieslav's head, shaking the sword and boasting with the eagle was supposedly another provocation. Much more probable is that the images upon the coins were religious symbols. Yet, if they were to allude to the contemporary situation, it seems more plausible to see them hinting at the protection of supernatural forces. This was very important in the face of the growing threat on the part of a stronger neighbour.

7

Początki polskiego mennictwa w świetle nowszych badań

100%

Suchodolski S.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2019

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nr 60

192-219

EN

The author updates the knowledge of the origins of coinage in Poland in the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. This is possible owing to new coin finds and new research methods, predominantly discoveries of new die-links. In the conclusions, the author states that coin minting in Poland was not initiated by duke Mieszko I (approx. 962-992) but his son Bolesław the Brave (992-1025). The early coinage was more intense than historians used to think, and more diverse. One mint used, simultaneously, dies with correct legends and dies ineptly copying foreign patterns. The coins were used for manifestation and economic purposes alike. They accounted for a small proportion of the prevailing foreign coins in circulation.

8

Reedycja inwentarza znalezisk monet wczesnośredniowiecznych z obszaru Polski (VI - polowa XII w.)

100%

Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2000

|

tom 44

|

nr 2 (170)

161-170

9

A new coin type of Boleslav the Brave found in Sweden

63%

Jonsson K. , Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2009

|

tom 53

|

nr 1 (187)

29-40

10

Stefan Krzysztof Kuczyński (1938–2010)

63%

Męclewska M. , Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2010

|

tom 54

|

nr 1 (189)

1-6

11

Eine Erweiterung der Münzserien Bolesław Chrobrys

63%

Ilisch P. , Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

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2003

|

tom 47

|

nr 1 (175)

97-104

12

Naśladownictwo silikwy rzymskiej z Konarzewa pod Poznaniem

63%

Makiewicz T. , Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2008

|

tom 52

|

nr 1(185)

21-33

EN

An imitation of a Roman siliqua was found during an archaeological survey carried out by the Institute of Prehistory of Poznań University at a settlement from the late Roman period in Konarzewo near Poznań (site 5). The find was discovered in the east part of the settlement, in a culture layer above structure E64 or even in its upper part. A considerable number of sherds were found at this structure and in the vicinity. The beginnings of the settlement are dated from 340 AD using dendrochronology. A cremation burial ground discovered in one of the wells is supposed to have been used from the middle of the fifth century to the middle of the sixth century. The imitation of siliqua is made of .970 silver. It is oval in shape (21 x 18 mm) and weighs 2.916 g. Surprisingly, the Emperor's bust, which was very well copied, is in contrast to totally blundered legends, where the letters are difficult to recognize. Moreover, the reverse is very poorly marked and hardly visible. A heavy siliqua of Constantius II from the years 353-357 with the inscription VOTIS/XXX/ MVLTIS/XXXX, presumably from Sirmium served as the pattern. However, the hairdo is different (Emperors hair is parted at the top of his head to the front and back). It has analogies on Byzantine coins of Justin I and Justinian I. Therefore, there is a possibility that although the imitation found in Konarzewo was influenced by a coin from the fourth century, it was made not earlier than in the sixth century. Other, previously known imitations of siliquae of Constantius II, imitations which had been made earlier, e.g. those from the hoards of Kecel (Romania), Budai (Moldoya) and Laatzen (Germany), look completely different, and this fact weighs in favour of a later chronology. It is also a well-known fact that as regards making ornaments (brooches), Roman coins were also imitated after a considerable passage of time. The imitation discovered in Konarzewo was probably made outside the boundaries of the Empire, but at a relatively small distance, to the north of the Danube. The maker was an artistic illiterate, who remained under the direct influence of Roman culture. His aim was to produce a jewellery rather than a coin. The very poor reproduction of the reverse, which is nearly invisible, argues for this. The non-monetary function of the artefact would be obvious if we were to assume a later date for its manufacture. It was probably a pendant, which was only later turned into a brooch. A strong bend at one edge of the artefact and the punching of two little holes near the other edge argues for a change of function. The holes are situated close to the edge behind the Emperor's head and could not have been cut when the artefact was made or when it served as a pendant. Their purpose may have been to attach a pin and clip mechanism to the brooch (6 figures).

13

A new coin type of Boleslav the Brave found in Sweden

63%

Jonsson K. , Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2009

|

tom 53

|

nr 2 (188)

29-40

14

Inwentaryzacja wczesnośredniowiecznych znalezisk pieniądza kruszcowego w Polsce

63%

Suchodolski S. , Bogucki M.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

|

2017

|

tom 65

53-68

EN

Authors presents the history of the cataloging the Early Medieval Silver Hoards (c. 550-1150) and Coins from Poland, starting with the first works of Joachim Lelewel from the first half of the 19th century, through the series Polskie Skarby Wczesnośredniowieczne of the mid-twentieth century, to the newest series Frühmittelalterliche Münzfunde aus Polen. For to the newest series, the principles and rules are outlined regarding to the chronological and territorial frames. The rules for the finds and coin description are given. The basic data on the number of registered finds, their types and distribution are also provided.

15

Znaleziska monet średniowiecznych z miejscowości Łosień (część Dąbrowy Górniczej)

51%

Krudysz L. , Rozmus D. , Suchodolski S. , Szmoniewski B. S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2009

|

tom 53

|

nr 1 (187)

57-65

16

Monety z VIII i IX w. odkryte w Janowie Pomorskim, gm. Elbląg - dawnym Truso

51%

Bartczak A. , Jagodziński M. F. , Suchodolski S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2004

|

tom 48

|

nr 1 (177)

21-48

17

Znaleziska monet średniowiecznych z miejscowości Łosień (część Dąbrowy Górniczej)

51%

Krudysz L. , Rozmus D. , Suchodolski S. , Szmoniewski B. S.

Wiadomości Numizmatyczne

|

2009

|

tom 53

|

nr 2 (188)

57-65