Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Republikańska idea rządu ograniczonego a liberalne „państwo minimum”

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Stępkowski A.

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nr 7

157-173

EN

The paper attempts some clarification of the reason why the liberal movement, when attempting to achieve the republican idea of limited government, in fact presided over the creation of an unprecedented growth of the state and its functions. Starting with a comparison of classical and modern republican ideas, the paper analyzes ideas by the philosophers considered to be strong advocates of the modern idea of the minimal state (Phisiocrats, Locke, Kant), showing that their approach to the nature of state intervention was in fact far from what is commonly believed in this respect. The way in which individualism inspires far reaching intervention in family autonomy was subsequently presented in the example of J.S. Mill’s project of the in testacy abolishing as combined with high, progressive taxation of mortis causa dispositions. Upon this demonstration, it was claimed, the very reason of the modern state’s dynamic growth was the fact it was conceptualised on an individualistic premise as to the nature of the human being. In this respect it became clear, individualism is not an adversary of the state, but of a community. In order to emancipate an individual out of the communities it participates in, state agendas must be granted with the far reaching competences. Because of that, individualism inspires the growth and not a reduction of a state’s activities.

PL

Tekst podejmuje próbę naświetlenia przyczyn, dla których liberalne przemiany społeczno-polityczne, nawiązujące do klasycznych republikańskich idei ograniczonego rządu, zaowocowały powstaniem monstrualnej biurokratycznej machiny państwowej, kontrastującej silnie z liberalnymi hasłami „państwa minimum”. Wychodząc od wskazania punktów stycznych między klasycznym a nowoczesnym sposobem pojmowania republikanizmu, tekst przywołuje poglądy autorów uchodzących za nowoczesnych protagonistów państwa minimum (fizjokraci, Locke, Kant), ukazując daleko idącą ich ambiwalencję w tym względzie. Dodatkowo, w tekście zademonstrowano, w jaki sposób indywidualizm inspirował, formułowane przez Jeremy’ego Benthama i Johana Stuarta Milla, postulaty daleko idącej ingerencji w stosunki rodzinne. W rezultacie uznano, że przyczyną ciągłego rozrostu sfery zadań nowoczesnegopaństwa jest fakt ufundowania go na przesłankach indywidualistycznych. Dowodzi się, że bynajmniej nie służą one ograniczeniu aktywności państwa, lecz uniezależnieniu jednostek od naturalnych wspólnot, których są członkami, to zaś możliwe jest jedynie dzięki państwu. Z tego też względu indywidualizm musi oznaczać nie redukcję, lecz rozrost funkcji państwa, które staje się oparciem dla jednostki chcącej wyemancypować się ze wspólnoty.

2

Umowa społeczna locke’a – spojrzenie z perspektywy prawnej

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Stępkowski A.

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tom XCI (91)/1

153-163

EN

The paper provides systematic analysis of the Locke’s social contract theory with the legal means of construction. The analysis is performed within the context of Hobbes’ theory which is believed to be opposed by Locke in his Second Treaties. The paper focus on two specific questions: 1) whether the social contract, as conceptualised by Locke really allows to dispose with natural freedom only to certain extent?; 2) whether the Sovereign, as created by the social contract, is really bound by its provisions? Detailed analysis of the Locke’s Second Treaties of Government ends with negative answer to both above asked questions. Locke had acknowledged (although in a slightly hidden way) that in ordered to build a society by means of voluntary agreement, individuals must dispose of all the natural freedom they posses. It is also to be accepted that political power created by means of social contract, being not a party to the contract, is not bound by its conditions. Locke appears to be unsuccessful in inventing a social contract which would considerably differ from the one proposed by Hobbes. There are even premises allowing to assert, he was aware of that.

3

Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki - życie i działalność

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Stępkowski A.

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nr 1-2

225-241

PL

The article is sacrificed to the person of Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (Laurentius Grimaldus Goslicus), senator and bishop of Poland, author of the political treaties De optimo senatore. The treaties is one of less known in Poland, but was very popular in England, where it was published in English three times (The Counsellor [1598], A Comonwealth of good counsaile [1607], The Accomplished Senator [1733]). We do knowalso that the treaty was twice plagiarised, first in Germany as Jurisprudentiae Politicae, apud Antonium Hummium (1611), second one was The Sage Senator published in England (1660). There is also a manuscript of English translation of the first book of the treaties (1585). There are other evidences of its popularity in England and western Europe. In USA the treaties is considered as influencing authors of Declaration of Independence and Constitution of USA. Reprint of The Accomplished Senator was published in USA in 1992. The most probable date of his birth is 1538 in Goślice near Płock. He studied at Jagiellonian University theology and liberal arts (1556-1562). Than hewas continuing his education in Padua and Bologna studying theology, philosophy, oratory, Greeks, astronomy and law, finishing it as utrisque iuris doctor. It was stressed that he was one of the most educated person in Poland. As humanist he was not only political writer but also splendid orator and poet, writing in Latin. After his return to Poland Goślicki acts in the Royal secretary, proceeding many diplomatic missions. Simultaneously he is member of hierarchy of Catholic Church in Poland. In 1587 he entered Senat as a bishop of Kamieniec, than Chełm (1590), Przemyśl (1591), Poznań (1601). As bishop he had been introducing reforms of Tridentina. In 1593 with few persons was preparing Union of Brześć on the ground of which the orthodox hierarchy returned to Catholic Church. In politics Goślicki was acting as mediator between conflicting parties. Died in 1607 in Ciążyń preparing synod in Poznań. His sepulchre is in Cathedral in Poznań.