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Sodalities of our Lady Existing in Kraków Secondary Schools in the 19th Century and in the Second Polish Republic

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Puszka A.

nr 2: Historia - Selected Papers in English

119-156

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 57, issue 2 (2009). The Sodality of Our Lady is a Catholic religious association for young people founded in the Jesuit College in Rome in 1563 by Fr Jan Leunis. The most gifted and devout boys joined the Sodality in order to spread the cult of the Mother of God. Popes provided care for the vibrantly developing movement because of the great influence Sodalities of Our Lady had on the religious formation of young people. Jesuits established Marian congregations of students attending colleges in all Catholic countries, forming an international elite organization of lay Catholics. Sodalities thrived and they spread to all social estates in the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. Not only did school students belong to it, but also popes, kings, the gentry, clergy, townsfolk, craftsmen, military men and servants. The chief objective of the Sodality was to live by the motto “Per Mariam ad Jesum.” The development of the Sodality was halted by the dissolution of the Jesuit Order. In the middle of the 19th century the pronouncement of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin, made by Pope Pious IX, opened a new era of the cult and a new period in the history of the Sodality. In Poland, the first Marian congregation of school students was established in Braniewo in 1571. At the end of the 18th century, before the dissolution of the Jesuit Order, in Poland there were 66 colleges, seminaries and monastery schools, and there was always at least one congregation affiliated to each of the schools. At the end of the 19th century, school sodalities were revived in Galicia, i.e. in Tarnopol, Chyrów, Tarnów, and in a girls’ secondary school run by the Ursulines in Kraków. A dynamic development of Marian congregations of school students started after Poland regained independence in 1918. The centre of the sodalitarian movement for all the estates was Kraków. The movement gained solid foundations in the two powerful sodality unions of both secondary school boys and girls. Father Józef Winkowski established a sodality for boys, and Fr Józef Chrząszcz one for girls. Sodalities published their own magazines, organized conventions, pilgrimages to Jasna Góra (Częstochowa, Poland), and ran charity organizations. In the late 1930s, nearly seventeen thousand students of secondary schools throughout the country were members of school sodalities. At the dawn of the Second Polish Republic, the greatest number of school sodalities operated in Kraków. There were 11 boys’ sodalities in secondary state schools and one in a private school run by the Piarist Order, and 11 girls’ sodalities in state and private schools. The Sodality of Our Lady contributed to the religious revival in Poland. The development of this organization was halted by World War II. After the war, in the years 1945–1949, the operation of the Sodality of Our Lady was resumed in many centres. The liquidation of church organizations in 1949 stopped its work for good, and its members came to be persecuted by the Communist regime.

Sodalicje Mariańskie na ziemiach polskich wobec wojny i odzyskania niepodle¬głości w 1918 r.

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Puszka A.

tom 15

45-59

The attitude of the Sodality of Our Lady on the Polish lands towards Poland’s independence and the war of 1918 The Sodality of Our Lady is a Catholic society for lay persons, initiated by Jan Leunis SJ in Rome in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Originally, the Sodality comprised students and later all classes and professional groups. The aim of this elite society was the formation of lay Catholics aware of their vocation in the Church, and propagation of the rite and the cult of Virgin Mary. The supreme goal of the Sodality was obeying the rule “Per Mariam ad Jesum”. The rules of the Sodality concerned visiting prisoners, working in hospitals, helping the poor and the ill, teaching faith, and Christian upbringing of youth. Sodalities deteriorated after the secularization of the Jesuit order, which was their basis in 1773. Towards the end of the 19th century they were being revived on the Polish lands. Sodalities of Our Lady combined religious devotion with the love of the homeland and efforts for the country’s benefit. During World War I the society engaged in charity helping in hospitals, welfare institutions, taking care of the disabled and orphans. Sodalities contributed particularly to the upbringing of the new patriotic generation of Poles. Regaining independence helped sodalities to develop their activities and contributed significantly to the rebirth of religious life of the society in the Second Polish Republic.

Sodalicja Mariańska, zwana także Kongregacją Mariańską, to katolickie stowarzyszenie osób świeckich, powstałe z inicjatywy ks. Jana Leunisa TJ w Rzymie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Kongregacje tworzyli początkowo uczniowie, a następnie wszystkie stany i grupy zawodowe. Celem tego elitarnego stowarzyszenia była formacja świeckich katolików, świadomych swego powołania w Kościele, szerzenie nabożeństwa i kultu do Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Najwyższym celem sodalicji było stosowanie się do zasady „Per Mariam ad Jesum”. Reguły sodalicyjne mówiły o odwiedzaniu więźniów, pracy w szpitalach, pomocy ubogim i chorym, nauczaniu wiary i chrześcijańskim wychowywaniu młodzieży. Sodalicje podupadły po kasacie zakonu jezuitów, który był ich podstawą w 1773 r. Pod koniec XIX wieku zaczęły się odradzać na ziemiach polskich. Sodalicje Mariańskie łączyły zawsze wiarę w Boga z miłością do Ojczyzny i pracą dla jej dobra. Stowarzyszenie w czasie pierwszej wojny światowej prowadziło znaczącą działalność charytatywną, pomagając w szpitalach, domach pomocy, opiekując się kalekami i sierotami. Sodalicje, w szczególności nauczycielskie, przyczyniły się do wychowania młodego patriotycznego pokolenia Polaków. Odzyskanie niepodległości spowodowało, że sodalicje rozwinęły swoją działalność i przyczyniły się znacząco do odrodzenia religijnego społeczeństwa II Rzeczypospolitej.