Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Polityka rachunkowości w polskim i białoruskim prawie bilansowym

100%

Żuk K.

Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania

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2013

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tom 5(41)

139-157

EN

Accounting policy is one of the obligatory elements of accounting law. Accounting policy is very important because it is decisive for how honestly and clearly the financial standing, performance and financial result of a business entity are presented. The article describes the rules for establishing the accounting policy in Belarus, underlining the differences between those rules and the relevant principles adopted for Poland. The analysis of the Polish and Belarusan rules of accounting policy indicates that there are many differences between them, but that there are similarities as well.

2

Ujęcie w ewidencji księgowej pomocy udzielanej przedsiębiorcom zatrudniającym osoby niepełnosprawne

100%

Żuk K.

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tom 35

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nr 3

83-91

EN

The paper deals with the problems of the records and presentation in financial reports of the aid for entrepreneurs employing the disabled, the entrepreneurs who run sheltered workshops and the „open labour market.” Such problems are important, taking into consideration the changes in the regulations concerning the public aid after Poland had joined the European Union. The employers who employ the disabled may obtain reimbursement of their higher costs. It consists in additional financing of payment for the disabled, through PFRON and the budget fees for the Social Insurance Company within the confines of programme no 52/2004/JK, the reimbursement of higher costs. Entrepreneurs therefore obtain aid to employ the disabled, a fact that causes new problems, i.e., how to place it in the account books and presentation in the financial records. Subsidies to payments are an aid that entrepreneurs receive to their bank account. Paying parts of ZUS fees from the disabled through PFRON and the budget consists in including them in DRA declaration. Entrepreneurs do not pay them to ZUS, so there is no financial tranfer. According to the author, we may use the rules of the International Standards of Accountancy by which to represent the aid for the disabled in the account books and financial records. On the basis of art. 10 , section 3 of the accountancy law one may use the principles defined in the International Standards of Accountancy (Pol. MSR) 20 to represent the aid in account books and financial records. According to these standards, there are two methods by which to present this aid in the financial records that can be accepted: as an income in the calculation of profits and losses, or as a reduction of costs.

3

Ujęcie w księgach rachunkowych i w sprawozdaniu finansowym dotacji z Programu Operacyjnego Innowacyjna Gospodarka Działanie 1.4-4.1 „Wsparcie projektów celowych oraz wsparcie wdrożeń wyników B+R”

63%

Wrona M. , Żuk K.

Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania

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2011

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tom 3(39)

185-201

EN

The issue of entering subsidies from the European Union means designed for financing industrial studies and/or developmental work as well as of implementation of the results of these studies or work in the area of economic activities of the entrepreneur within the operating program Innovative Economy 1.4-4.1 Action „Supporting Targeted Projects and Supporting Implementation of B+R work results” is a topical one because of the possibility to obtain the subsidies that companies enjoy after Poland joined the European Union. Subsidizing the completed developmental work within the „study stage” of the 1.4-4.1 Action is a „subsidy for the assets” and should be entered in the account books as the income of future periods. In the next periods the sums counted as inter-period income gradually increase the remaining operation income, parallel to amortization or remitting allowance for the cost of developmental work financed from this source. Subsidizing the building of fixed assets and nonmaterial or legal assets within the „implementation stage” of the 1.4-4.1 Action is a „subsidy for the assets” and should be entered in the account books, taking into consideration the regulations of Art. 41 section 1 paragraph 2 of the Law of Accountancy. The way the assets have been acquired does not affect the way they should be entered – it does not matter whether they have been purchased or financed by way of leasing. Subsidizing the outlays made by companies, that are operating costs belonging to the two stages of the 1.4-4.1 Action is a „subsidy for the income”. Such support should be included into the remaining operating costs.

4

Przekształcony rachunek kosztów pełnych w ocenie rentowności asortymentów

63%

Żuk K. , Oniszczuk A.

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tom 4(40)

141-151

EN

The primary application of full cost accounting is to establish an actual unit cost of a product on the level of its technical production which would include the costs directly related to manufactured products as well as indirect production costs. This kind of cost accounting provides information and a tool for control, since it is the current standard of report accounting. It gives data concerning the incurred cost of products as well as of the type of business activity, not always reflecting their amount adequately. It has become particularly ineffective in calculating the unit cost of products in the case when high indirect costs are involved. This kind of accounting does not represent the real cost of particular products and, at the same time, their profitability. Therefore the applicability of this cost accounting in a decision-making process is limited. It is the reason for seeking new solutions in the field of cost accounting which would – on one hand remove the main drawback of the full cost accounting, which is calculating direct costs of production by using an arbitrary key, – on the other hand take into account, while calculating costs, also the ones which do not constitute basic operating expenses but can be ascribed to particular products. This publication presents methods of transforming the information generated by a book-keeping model of costs accounting for the purpose of a decision-making process. The results related to the product profitability obtained by application of full cost accounting and cost accounting transformed for the purpose of decision-making, are different. On the basis of a conducted analysis it can be said that the transformed cost accounting is more precise in calculating costs and accurate profitability of manufactured products.