The Romanian Filmmakers’ Union is one of today’s largest cinematographic professional organisations inherited from the Communist past. This study looks at this specific form of institutionalising the activity of Romanian filmmakers from the perspective of its intermediary role between Party directives and divergent personal interests. The collapse of the regime made visible explosive tensions generated by this ambivalent institutional identity. It is therefore interesting to examine the consequences this organisation had on filmmakers’ status before and in the aftermath of the regime change. By using ethnographic methods, the article contributes to an understanding of the role the Union played in reconfiguring the professional community after 1989, especially after the coming of age of a generation of filmmakers who created new professional worlds that challenged the idea of ‘creative collectivity’.
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The Romanian Filmmaker’s Union. Between Ambiguous Past and Uncertain Futur The Romanian Filmmakers’ Union is one of today’s largest cinematographic professional organisations inherited from the Communist past. This study looks at this specific form of institutionalising the activity of Romanian filmmakers from the perspective of its intermediary role between Party directives and divergent personal interests. The collapse of the regime made visible explosive tensions generated by this ambivalent institutional identity. It is therefore interesting to examine the consequences this organisation had on filmmakers’ status before and in the aftermath of the regime change. By using ethnographic methods, the article contributes to an understanding of the role the Union played in reconfiguring the professional community after 1989, especially after the coming of age of a generation of filmmakers who created new professional worlds that challenged the idea of ‘creative collectivity’.
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The evaluation of liver lesions in patients with chronic hepatopathy is mandatory for assessing prognosis and sometimes for making treatment decisions. The liver biopsy (LB) is still considered the gold standard for the evaluation of chronic hepatopathy, despite the fact that noninvasive methods (serologic markers and transient elastography or real-time elastography) are being used more often. The quality of the hepatic tissue sample obtained at biopsy is important for the correct diagnosis. Usually, a liver specimen is considered to be adequate for pathological examination if it is no less than 20 mm and preferably more than 25 mm and if it includes 8 to 11 portal tracts. To improve the quality of the tissue sample obtained by percutaneous LB, we believe it is optimal for the operator to use the Menghini needle technique with two intrahepatic passages (specimens up to 4 cm in length can be obtained), to use echo guidance or ultrasonographic assistance, to have extensive personal experience (defined as having performed between 50 and 100 biopsies), and to assess the length of the tissue sample immediately after the LB, and, in the event the specimen is inadequate in length, to rapidly perform another passage.
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