For Bobkowski, to maintain personal freedom based on material independence achieved through his own work was a fundamental existential issue. Freedom and financial independence were: a declaration, a life’s motto and an economic programme. The writer’s concept was, eventually, reduced to a change of his status as a political exile to the situation of an economic migrant who also supported Poland’s freedom.
In Herbert’s essays and poems we find not only a wide range of economic problems, but also a real passion with which the author describes the economic fundaments of all civilizations. In the apocrypha The Portrait in Black Flames and poem “Hakeldama,” Herbert creates a great metaphor of the Final Judgment as the Great Book of accounts. This is nothing unusual, as the poet held a master’s degree in economics from the School of Economics in Krakow, currently the Krakow University of Economics.
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