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tom 63
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nr 09
1030-1033
EN
The demand for human pharmaceuticals is increasing rapidly from year to year. Most of them are currently produced in expensive bacterial bioreactors. A potential way to produce large amounts of easily available, cheap recombinant proteins is through depositing them in chicken eggs. However, manipulations on oocytes are difficult to perform in chickens because of the specific nature of the avian reproductive system. Therefore, safe non-viral methods of producing transgenic poultry have been developed. One of the safest procedures is microinjection where necked DNA is injected directly into blastoderm. An alternative method uses transfected blastodermal cells, cultured in vitro, which can be injected into recipient embryos. The most common ways of introducing genes into blastodermal cells are electroporation and lipofection. Recently, experiments with new techniques like microelectroporation, nucleofection and neutral lipids have also been performed as well as tests using fluorescent and magnetic activated cell sorting to achieve higher efficiency.
EN
A comparative morphological and anatomical study on the petioles and lamina of 22 taxa (species, subspecies and cultivars) of the genus Philodendron (subgenera Meconostigma, Pteromischum and Philodendron) has been made in order to investigate interspecific differences which may be useful in species identification. All species have bifacial leaves with petioles, amphistomatic with a strongly reduced density of stomata on the adaxial leaf surface. The species differ in the size and shape of their epidermal cells, the distribution and types of stomata and cuticle ornamentation in the lamina, thickness of epicuticular layer, presence or absence of hypodermis, structure of spongy mesophyll, thickness of palisade and spongy mesophyll layers, as well as types of raphides, and in the structure and forms of petioles. A combination of these characters may be useful in species identification. This study shows that there is some variation in petiole and leaf morphological and anatomical characters among the 22 taxa of Philodendron. However, many characters are present in all of them and may be typical of the genus. The study revealed several detailed interesting epidermal and anatomical features that have not previously been reported in the genus.
EN
The type and distribution (locations) of calcium oxalate crystals in mature leaves of 19 taxa of Philodendron (subgenera Meconostigma, Pteromischum and Philodendron) were studied. The calcium oxalate crystals were mainly found in the form of raphides, druses, styloids and prisms. The leaves of Philodendron demonstrate the presence of five distinctive raphide crystal types (biforine, thin-walled spindle-shaped, wide cells containing a wide raphide bundle, bundles of obliquely overlapping crystal and unmodified cells with either a single crystal needle or their cluster). Styloids and druses were found in all taxa at varying frequencies. Simple prisms and variations in crystal forms were most frequently observed in the ground tissue in petioles and midribs. This study represents additional data concerning calcium oxalate crystals in Philodendron.
EN
The paper characterises a new locality of Melampyrum cristatum identified in Dębno upon Warta (Wielkopolska region, Poland). Its ecological conditions are presented, along with the size of the population, phytosociological affiliation, as well as a characteristics of the species focusing on new traits of seed sculpture.
EN
Coronary artery occlusion is a very important problem in human medicine. A great progress in the treatment was the introduction of stents. The most popular are drug-eluting stents, which prevent restnosis. Nowadays, more than 30 different types of stents are implanted into the coronary arteries, and these stents are still being improved. Animal models make it possible to verify theoretical assumptions and are considered very useful for understanding the mechanisms of the system response and for evaluating the effectiveness and safety of this factor. To bring the rabbit model closer to conditions under which stents are implanted, rabbits are fed a fat-rich diet, often with 0.5-2.0% cholesterol, and, occasionally, their vessel walls are damaged with a balloon, ligation narrowing the lumen, or a stent of a slightly excessive diameter, which damages the endothelium. A standard protocol for this type of experiments has not yet been developed. The rabbit model has become a very valuable and widely recognized model in pre-clinical studies of vascular stents, since it is useful for a reliable preliminary evaluation of new materials. The reactions of the human body to the new material are comparable to the reactions obtained previously in the rabbit model. Although there is no animal model perfectly imitating the conditions in human coronary arteries affected by chronic coronary disease, pre-clinical studies carried out on the rabbit model have opened new horizons for saving human health and lives.
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