Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The influence of small amounts of aluminium on the spheroidization of cast iron with cerium mischmetal

100%

Soiński M. S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2012

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tom Vol. 12, iss. 2

117-122

EN

The influence of aluminium (added in quantity from about 0.6% to about 2.8%) on both the alloy matrix and the shape of graphite precipitates in cast iron treated with a fixed amounts of cerium mischmetal (0.11%) and ferrosilicon (1.29%) is discussed in the paper. The metallographic examinations were carried out for specimens cut out of the separately cast rods of 20 mm diameter. It was found that the addition of aluminium in the amounts from about 0.6% to about 1.1% to the cast iron containing about 3% of carbon, about 3.7% of silicon (after graphitizing modification), and 0.1% of manganese leads to the occurrence of the ferrite-pearlite matrix containing cementite precipitates in the case of the treatment of the alloy with cerium mischmetal . The increase in the quantity of aluminium up to about 1.9% or up to about 2.8% results either in purely ferrite matrix in this first case or in ferrite matrix containing small amounts of pearlite in the latter one. Nodular graphite precipitates occurred only in cast iron containing 1.9% or 2.8% of aluminium, and the greater aluminium content resulted in the higher degree of graphite spheroidization. The noticeable amount of vermicular graphite precipitates accompanied the nodular graphite.

2

The influence of small amounts of aluminium on the effectiveness of cast iron spheroidization with magnesium

63%

Soiński M. S. , Jakubus A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2013

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tom Vol. 13, iss. 3

80--83

EN

The influence of aluminium added in amounts of about 1.6%, 2.1%, or 2.8% on the effectiveness of cast iron spheroidization with magnesium was determined. The cast iron was melted and treated with FeSiMg7 master alloy under industrial conditions. The metallographic examinations were performed for the separately cast rods of 20 mm diameter. They included the assessment of the shape of graphite precipitates and of the matrix structure. The results allowed to state that the despheroidizing influence of aluminium (introduced in the above mentioned quantities) is the stronger, the higher is the aluminium content in the alloy. The results of examinations carried out by means of a computer image analyser enabled the quantitative assessment of the considered aluminium addition influence. It was found that the despheroidizing influence of aluminium (up to about 2.8%) yields the crystallization of either the deformed nodular graphite precipitates or vermicular graphite precipitates. None of the examined specimens, however, contained the flake graphite precipitates. The results of examinations confirmed the already known opinion that aluminium widens the range of ferrite crystallization.

3

Selection of material for cores hardened with carbon dioxide

63%

Soiński M. S. , Chmielarz P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2007

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tom Vol. 7, iss. 2

107-110

EN

The work presents the investigation results concerning the bending and the tensile strength of specimens made of various types of core sands. The investigated core sands for bending tests have been prepared of silica sand from Nowogród Dobrzański and, alternatively, of H33 German sand, both containing a variety of binders, namely Carbophen 5692, Carbophen 7170, Carbophen 8178, Novatec 1000, or SuperEko 2000 phenolic resins, as well as water glass. The tensile strength has been investigated for specimens made of silica sand from Nowogród Dobrzański and the sand supplied by Hüttenes-Albertus Polska, both types bond with Carbophen 5692, Novatec 1000, or SuperEko 2000 resins. All specimens have been tested immediately after the CO2 hardening process, then after 1 hour and after 24 hours. It has been found that the type of sand grains significantly affects both the bending and the tensile strength. Furthermore, for each type of sand the best bending strength has been achieved for Carbophen 7170, Carbophen 8178, and Novatec 1000 resins, whereas the best tensile strength has been offered by specimens bond with Carbophen 5692 resin.

4

The influence of selected elements on mechanical properties of ferritic ductile iron

63%

Soiński M. S. , Derda A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2008

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tom Vol. 8, iss. 1 spec.

303--308

EN

An attempt of determining the relationship between changes of quantities of elements in the alloy (such as C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mg) and the basic mechanical properties of the material (Rm, Rp,0,2. A5, HB, KCV) has been undertaken on the basis of data concerning production of ferritic ductile iron of the EN-GJS-400-18U-LT grade (according to PN-EN 1563 Standard) from about 300 heats. The examined cast iron has been produced by one of the domestic foundries in the induction furnace of medium frequency, spheroidized by the plunging method and then modified by the in-stream method while transferring the cast iron from the treatment vessel to the pouring ladle. Castings have been heat treated in order to achieve the fully ferritic structure. The analysis of the collected data has shown that even small changes in content of a series of elements (falling within the limits required for production of the ductile iron) can lead to the statistically significant increases or decreases in mechanical properties of ferritic ductile iron.

5

Effectiveness of cast iron vermicularization including 'conditioning' of the alloy

63%

Soiński M. S. , Mierzwa P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2011

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tom Vol. 11, iss. 2

133-138

EN

The performed investigations have resulted in conclusion that the vermicularizing treatment of 'basic' cast iron, consisting in 'conditioning' the alloy by means of VLCe(2) master alloy, introducing the DENODUL5 master alloy, and graphitizing with SRF75 master alloy, provides for obtaining vermicular graphite precipitates in the structure of material cast within 15 minutes' period from the modifying treatment. The cast iron has been melted in the induction crucible furnace of medium frequency under industrial conditions. The alloy has been subjected to vermicularization in the slender ladle of 1 Mg capacity. Graphitizing has been performed in the course of transferring the cast iron from the slender ladle to the pouring ladle. A series of test coupons in the form of reversed U-blocks of test part walls 25 mm thick have been cast of the produced cast iron. Then specimens both for metallographic examination and for testing the mechanical properties have been taken from the coupons. The analysis of cast iron structure has revealed, among others, that however purely vermicular graphite precipitates occurred in specimens taken out of the lower parts of test coupon walls (which are cooled faster), the nodular graphite precipitates in quantity up to 10% could be observed in specimens from the upper parts of test coupon walls (located close beneath the sinkhead).

6

Struktura żeliwa nadeutektycznego modyfikowanego kompleksowo dodatkami zawierającymi bizmut i cer

63%

Warchala T. , Soiński M. S.

Archiwum Nauki o Materiałach

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2001

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tom T. 22, nr 2

145-157

PL

W artykule omówiono wyniki badań nad wpływem małych dodatków bizmutu (od 0,0006% do 0,0017%) i ceru (od 0,010% do 0,043%), wprowadzonych jako modyfikatory do żeliwa nadeutektycznego (Sc od 1,02 do 1,09), na charakterystyki grafitu oraz udział ferrytu w osnowie. Stwierdzono, że następuje zmniejszenie udziału grafitu, obwodu i liczby jego wydzieleń oraz zmiana postaci z płatkowej na zwartą. Udział ferrytu w osnowie wzrasta z udziału śladowego do ponad 80%. Optymalny pozimo zawartości bizmutu wynosi od 0,0007% do 0,0010%. Udział ceru powinien odpowiadać stosunkowi Ce/Bi w granicach 25-50.

EN

The paper discusses results of investigation concerning the influence of small additions of bismuth (from 0,0006% to 0,0017%) and cerium (from 0,010% to 0,043%) introduced as modifiers into the hypereutectic cast iron (Sc from 1,02 to 1,09) on the graphite characteristics and the fraction of ferrite in the matrix. Having performed the statistic analysis of experimental results, the authors have graphically determined the relationships between the bismuth and cerium content and the examined structure parameters. It has been found that the graphite percentage has decreased, as well as the total perimeter, the number of its precipitates, and the shape of graphite changes from flake to compact ones. The ferrite in the matrix increases from trace amounts to over 80%. It has been also noticed that for the hypereutectic cast iron the advantageous changes in the parameters of structure are related to the proportion of cerium to bismuth content. The optimum level of bismuth content falls within in range from 0,0007% to 0,0010%. The cerium should correspond to the Ce/Bi proportion equal to 25-50.

7

Badania nad wytwarzaniem podeutekfycznego żeliwa niskoaluminiowego z grafitem zwartym

63%

Soiński M. S. , Grzesiak K.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2004

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tom R. 4, nr 11/2

184--189

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury żeliwa o zawartości około 3% aluminium, współczynniku nasycenia Sc, ~0,9, obrobionego mieszanką cerową dodaną w ilościach 0,05% ÷ 0,20% i modyfikowanego zaprawą SB-5. Stwierdzono występowanie w żeliwie wydzieleń grafitu w postaci zwartej, ze stosunkowo niewielkim udziałem grafitu kulkowego. Osnowa żeliwa była ferrytyczno-perlityczna.

EN

The work presents the results of structural examinations of cast iron containing about 3% of aluminium, exhibiting the degree of saturation Sc ~0.9, treated with cerium mischmetal added in the amount of 0.05÷0.20%, and modified with SB-5 master alloy. It has been found that mainly compact graphite precipitates occur in the cast iron, being accompanied by a relatively small fraction of nodular graphite. The cast iron matrix is the ferritie-pearlitic one.

8

Contribution to the Assessment of Thermal Shock Resistance of Metals

63%

Jakubus A. , Soiński M. S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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tom Vol. 20, iss. 4

97--100

EN

The study presents a concept of generation of micro-cracks (or cracks) in metal specimens in order to assess their material with respect to the thermal shock resistance. Both the method of conducting the experiment and the criteria of the assessment of the material resistance to the rapid temperature changes are discussed. The schematic diagram of the research stand used for repeated heating and rapid cooling of specimens, constructed in the Foundry Institute of the Częstochowa University of Technology, is presented. The proposed solution enables to maintain constant conditions of the experiment. The tests were held for flat specimens 70 mm long, 20 mm wide, and 5 mm thick, tapered over a distance of 15 mm towards both ends. The specimens were induction heated up to the specified temperature and then, in response to the signal produced by a pyrometer, dipped in the tank containing the cooling medium. The thermal shock resistance of the material can be assessed on the basis of either the total length of the micro-cracks arisen at the tapered parts of a specimen after a specified number of heating-and-cooling cycles, or the number of such cycles prior to the total damage of a specimen, or else the number of thermal cycles prior to generation of the first crack. The study includes an exemplary view of the metal specimen after the thermal shock resistance tests, as well as the illustrative microstructure of the vermicular cast iron which reveals a crack propagating from the edge towards the core of the material.

9

Cast iron spheroidization by plunging method and cored wire method

63%

Soiński M. S. , Wachowski A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2009

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tom Vol. 9, iss. 1

199-202

EN

Changes in chemical composition and the degree of magnesium assimilation resulting from the performed treatment have been determined basing on data coming from 185 courses of cast iron treatment by plunging or cored wire methods. The investigations have dealt with nodular iron of EN-GJS-400-18-LT and EN-GJS-500-7 grades. In the case of plunging method cast iron has been treated with VL53M master alloy containing about 9% of magnesium; for cored wire method the magnesium content in the master alloy has been about 17%. It has been stated, among others, that the carbon content has been reduced due to spheroidizing treatment by 0.12-0.30% as an average. Distinctly higher magnesium assimilation (at the level of 41-44%) has been stated for plunging method, while for cored wire method it has been found to vary from 29% to 31% as an average.

10

Initial assessment of effectiveness of some selected inoculants for grey cast iron

63%

Soiński M. S. , Wawrzyniec A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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tom Vol. 10, iss. 2

155--158

EN

The influence of four inoculants: FeSi75, Zircinoc, Foundry Grade, and Inogen has been determined in the work. The additions have been introduced in the amount of 0,2% into the cast iron exibiting the degree of saturation SC = 0,824. The shape, the size, and the arrangement of graphite precipitates have been determined, as well as the cast iron matrix type; both the initial cast iron and the modified alloy have been examined, the latter cast after either 2 or 8 minutes after the inoculation treatment. Additionally the chilling tendency of the cast iron has been assessed, the number of eutectic cells has been determined, and mechanical properties (strength and hardness) of the alloy have been examined. It has been found that each of the inoculants significantly lowers the cast iron chilling tendency, however not to the same degree. Additionally, the graphite arrangement is changed from interdendritic one present in the initial cast iron to the arrangement of prevailing A type revealed in the modified alloy. The inoculation treatment leads to the distinct growth in the number of eutectic cells and to the increasing of cast iron tensile strength, the latter however not to the large extent.

11

Żeliwo wysokojakościowe modyfikowane żelazostopami zawierającymi bizmut i metale ziem rzadkich

63%

Warchala T. , Soiński M. S.

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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1999

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tom Vol. 49, z. 8-9

305-307

PL

Jednoczesna modyfikacja żeliwa szarego niewielkimi dodatkami żelazostpów z bizmutem i metalami ziem rzadkich powoduje zmianę warunków krystalizacji grafitu. W rezultacie wydziela się grafit wermikularny i kulkowy. Następuje również ferrytyzacja osnowy. Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie przekracza 400 MPa, umowna granica plastyczności 320 MPa, a wydłużenie względne 10%. Twardość Brinella nie przekracza 170 jednostek. Te istotne zmiany wymagają obecności w żeliwie zaledwie do 0,03% Ce oraz poniżej 0,005% Bi.

EN

Simultaneous inoculation of grey cast iron with small additions of ferroalloys containing bismyth and rare-earth elements causes a change in the conditions of graphite crystallization. As a result vermicular and nodular graphite precipitate. The amount of graphite precipitations with the shape factor equal or higher 0,03 comes up to 100%. Ferritization of matrix also occurs. Tensile strength exeeds 400 MPa, yield strength 320 MPa and the unit elongation 10%. These essential changes require the presence in cast iron only up to 0,03% Ce and below 0,005% Bi.

12

Thermal Shock Resistance of Cast Iron with Various Shapes of Graphite Precipitates

63%

Jakubus A. , Soiński M. S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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tom Vol. 18, iss. 2

121--124

EN

The influence of a shape of graphite precipitates in cast iron on the thermal shock resistance of the alloy was initially determined. Investigations included the nodular cast iron and the vermicular one, as well as the cast iron containing flake graphite. The thermal shock resistance was examined at a special laboratory stand which allowed for multiple heating and cooling of specimens within the presumed temperature range. The specimens were inductively heated and then cooled in water of constant temperature of about 30°C. There were used flat specimens 70 mm long, 5 mm thick in the middle part, and tapering like a wedge over a distance of 15 mm towards both ends. The total length of cracks generated on the test surfaces of the wedge-shaped parts of specimens was measured as a characteristic value inversely proportional to the thermal shock resistance of a material. The specimens heated up to 500°C were subjected to 2000 test cycles of alternate heating and cooling, while the specimens heated up to 600°C underwent 1000 such cycles. It was found that as the heating temperature rose within the 500-600°C range, the thermal shock resistance decreased for all examined types of cast iron. The research study proved that the nodular cast iron exhibited the best thermal shock resistance, the vermicular cast iron got somewhat lower results, while the lowest thermal shock resistance was exhibited by grey cast iron containing flake graphite.

13

Wpływ zawartości bizmutu i ceru po modyfikacji kompleksowej na właściwości mechaniczne żeliwa nadeutektycznego

63%

Warchala T. , Soiński M. S.

Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów

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2000

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tom R. 2, nr 43

517--522

PL

Żeliwo nadeutektyczne (Sc=1,05) poddano jednoczesnej modyfikacji dodatkami FeSiCaBi (rozchód od 0,2% do 0,5%) oraz FeSiMZR (rozchód od 0,14% do 0,36%). Otrzymane żeliwo wykazywało osnowę ferrytyczną i ferrytyczno-perlityczną ze zwartymi wydzieleniami grafitu - od wermikularnego do kulkowego włącznie. Stwierdzono ponad sześciokrotny wzrost wytrzymałości na rozciąganie i umownej granicy plastyczności oraz ponad pięciokrotny wzrost wydłużenia względnego. Jedynie twardość Brinella zwiększyła się zaledwie o około 20 jednostek, nie przekraczając poziomu 170 HBS. Analiza statystyczna wykazała istnienie wyraźnych zależności między zawartością bizmutu i ceru w osnowie a wymienionymi wcześniej właściwościami mechanicznymi. Ustalone relacje mają charakter zbliżony do funkcji parabolicznych z tym, że w przypadku bizmutu występuje maksimum właściwości przy zawartości 0,0008% do 0,0010% Bi. Optymalna zawartość śladowych ilości Bi i Ce powinna odpowiadać stosunkowi ilościowemu ceru do bizmutu w granicach 30-45.

14

Badania nad wytwarzaniem żeliwa niskoaluminiowo – chromowego z grafitem zwartym

63%

Soiński M. S. , Kukla Ł.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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tom R. 6, nr 18/2

165--170

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury żeliwa zawierającego około 3% aluminium i około 1% chromu, obrabianego mieszanką cerową dodaną w ilościach od 0,11% do 0,33% i modyfikowanego żelazokrzemem. W próbkach o średnicy 20 i 30 mm wystąpiły wydzielenia grafitu wermikularnego i kulkowego. Osnowa żeliwa była ferrytyczno–perlityczna. Nie stwierdzono występowania zabieleń.

EN

The work presents the results of structural examinations of cast iron containing about 3% of aluminium and about 1% chromium, treated with cerium mischmetal added in the amount of 0,11 ÷ 0,33% and modified with ferrosilicon. Vermicular and nodular graphite were found in 20 and 30 mm diameter specimens. The metal matrix was pearlite–ferritic. As-cast carbides weren’t found.

15

Udarność żeliwa sferoidalnego ferrytyczno-perlitycznego

63%

Soiński M. S. , Muzyka R.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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tom R. 6, nr 19

295-300

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań udarności żeliwa sferoidalnego o osnowie ferrytyczno-perlitycznej (z udziałem perlitu do około 20%). Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach wyciętych z wlewków próbnych w stanie lanym, w zakresie temperatur od 20 C do -70 C. Stwierdzono m.in., że udarność żeliwa w temperaturze otoczenia wynosi ok. 12J, w temperaturze -20 C spada do 6 - 8J, a w temperaturze -70 C osiąga wartość około 4 J.

EN

In the paper the results of the impact strength of cast iron with the pearlite-ferritic matrix (with up to 20% of pearlite) research were shown. The specimens, cut from as-cast control samples, were examined in temperature range 20 C to - 70 C, changed every 10K. The impact strength of cast iron in ambient temperature is about 12J, in temperature -20 C falls to 6 - 8J, and in temperature -70 C is about 4J.

16

Żeliwo na formy szklarskie

63%

Soiński M. S. , Warchala T.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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tom R. 6, nr 19

289-294

PL

Przedstawiono warunki pracy form szklarskich i wynikające stąd wymagania materiałowe. Na tym tle dokonano oceny porównawczej żeliwa szarego niestopowego, niskostopowego, wermikularnego ferrytycznego oraz sferoidalnego ferrytycznego. Wykazano zasadność preferencji żeliwa wermikularnego ferrytycznego.

EN

Operating conditions for moulds for glassmaking industry and resulting material requirements have been presented. Taking this into account, the comparative assessment of non-alloyed grey cast iron, low-alloyed cast iron, vermicular ferritic cast iron, and nodular ferritic cast iron has been performed. It has been proved that preference of vermicular ferritic cast iron is justifiable.

17

The Leading Role of Aluminium in the Growing Production of Castings Made of the Non-Ferrous Alloys

63%

Soiński M. S. , Jakubus A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 21, iss. 3

33--42

EN

The paper presents changes in the production volume of castings made of non-ferrous alloys on the background of changes in total production of casting over the 2000-2019 period, both on a global scale and in Poland. It was found that the dynamics of increase in the production volume of castings made of non-ferrous alloys was distinctly greater than the dynamics of increase in the total production volume of castings over the considered period of time. Insofar as the share of production of the non-ferrous castings in the total production of castings was less than 16% during the first two years of the considered period, it reached the level of 20% in the last four years analysed. This share, when it comes to Poland, increased even to the greater degree; it grew from about 10% of domestic production of castings to over 33% within the regarded 2000-2019 period. The greatest average annual growth rate of production, both on a global scale and in Poland, was recorded for aluminium alloys as compared with other basic non-ferrous alloys. This growth rate for all the world was 4.08%, and for Poland 10.6% over the 2000-2019 period. The value of the average annual growth rate of the production of aluminium castings in Poland was close to the results achieved by China (12%), India (10.3%) and the South Korea (15.4%) over the same period of time. In 2019, the total production of castings in the world was equal to about 109 million tonnes, including over 21 million tonnes of castings made of non-ferrous alloys. The corresponding data with respect to Poland are about 1 million tonnes and about 350 thousand tonnes, respectively. In the same year, the production of castings made of aluminium alloys was equal to about 17.2 million tonnes in the world, and about 340 thousand tonnes in Poland.

18

Wytwarzanie żeliwa z grafitem wermikularnym poprzez obróbkę stopu aluminium i miszmetalem cerowym

63%

Soiński M. S. , Warchala T.

Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów

|

1998

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tom nr 37

119--124

PL

Przedstawiono badania nad uzyskaniem żeliwa z grafitem wermikularnym. Do żeliwa wyjściowego jako substancję zakłócającą proces sferoidyzacji grafitu wprowadzano dodatek aluminium (0,4 lub 0,8%), a następnie tworzywo obrabiano miszmetalem cerowym (wprowadzanym w ilości 0,1 lub 0,3%) i modyfikowano żelazokrzemem 75%-wym. Stwierdzono, że użycie do obróbki stopu miszmetalu w ilości 0,1% umożliwia wytworzenie żeliwa wermikularnego o osnowie ferrytyczno-perlitycznej.

EN

Investigations concerning the obtaining of cast iron with vermicular graphite have been presented. Aluminium has been introduced to the basic cast iron as a substance disturbing the sferoidization process (0.4 or 0.8% of Al) and then the material has been treated with cerium mischmetal (added in the quantity of 0.1 or 0.3%) and modified with 75% ferrosilicon. It has been found that applying 0.1% of mischmetal for the alloy treatment allows for producing of vermicular cast iron with ferritic - pearlitic matrix.

19

Initial assessment of secondary inoculation of grey cast iron

63%

Soiński M. S. , Wawrzyniec A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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tom Vol. 10, iss. 4

205--208

EN

The effectiveness of secondary inoculation of cast iron, performed using four various inoculants, i.e. Foundry Grade, Superseed 75, Superseed Extra and Inoculin 900, has been determined in the work. The inoculants have been introduced into the cast iron initially modified with FeSi75. Structural examination of the treated alloy has revealed that the cast iron chilling tendency is reduced to the greatest degree by Foundry Grade and Superseed Extra. The most significant structure refining (assessed by the number of eutectic grains per unit area) has been obtained for Superseed Extra used as an inoculant. Also the achieved tensile strength has the largest value for this case (about 350 MPa), while for other cases it has ranged from 290 MPa to 310 MPa.

20

Initial Assessment of Abrasive Wear Resistance of Austempered Cast Iron with Vermicular Graphite

63%

Soiński M. S. , Jakubus A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2014

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tom Vol. 59, iss. 3

1073--1076

EN

The work compares the abrasive wear resistance of cast iron containing vermicular graphite, measured in the as-cast state and after austempering carried out at 290°C, 340°C, or 390°C. Theexaminations were performed by means of the T-01M tribological tester using the pin-on-disc configuration. Specimens used for examinations were taken from the end tabs of the tensile specimens, these being cut out of the test walls of the double-leg keel block test castings. Examinations proved that the austempering process increases the abrasive wear resistance of vermicular cast iron by several times as compared with the as-cast material. A tendency for a slight decrease in abrasive wear with an increase in austempering temperature can be stated. The coefficient of friction took a little higher values for cast iron after thermal treatment than for the as-cast material. The work was completed with roughness examination by means of electron scanning microscopy.

PL

W pracy porównano odporność na ścieranie żeliwa z grafitem wermikularnym w stanie lanym oraz po hartowaniu izotermicznym przeprowadzonym w temperaturach 290°C, 340°C i 390°C. Badaniaodporności na ścieranie przeprowadzono przy użyciu zestawu trybologicznego T-01M typu trzpień-tarcza. Próbki do badań pochodziły z próbek wytrzymałościowych wyciętych ze ścianek badawczych wlewków próbnych w kształcie odwróconej litery „U”. Badania wykazały, że poddanie żeliwa wermikularnego hartowaniu izotermicznemu prowadzi do kilkukrotnego wzrostu odporności tworzywa na ścieranie w porównaniu z żeliwem w stanie lanym. Zaobserwowano niewielki spadek zużycia wraz ze wzrostem temperatury hartowania. Współczynnik tarcia dla żeliwa po obróbce cieplej przybrał nieco większe wartości aniżeli w przypadku żeliwa w stanie lanym. W ramach pracy wykonano także badania chropowatości z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii skaningowej.