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Aktywność jezuickich kapelanów nadwornych prowincji litewskiej. Między ustawodawstwem zakonnym a praktyką

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Mariani A.

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tom 1

EN

This article analyzes the activity of Jesuit preachers, confessors and private teachers at the king’s and noblemen’s courts in the Early Modern Poland. The first part focuses on the legislation concerning court chaplains at the turn of the 16th century. The author sketches then a collective portrait of court preachers, confessors and teachers belonging to the Lithuanian Province throughout the 17th and 18th century. In doing so, he presents the reciprocal influence between the Jesuit Order and its benefactors and proofs how far general rules were applied in this specific context. In spite of the marginalization of Lithuanian Jesuits at the royal court, the number of chaplains remained high. This was possible thanks to an increasing presence in the entourage of high nobility. Within this social layer many confessors and preachers were associated with the Radziwiłł and the Sapieha families. Even though in some cases Jesuit priests were engaged at court for many years, the tasks of confessor and preacher were usually performed for a short time by relatively young members of the Society of Jesus. Pastoral activity in the entourage of aristocracy represented therefore an early stage of the religious career. Among the features that made a certain Jesuit suitable to the post of court chaplain there were allegiance to his patron, relatively low social origin as well as a good knowledge of foreign languages, in particular French. In the end some aspects of the life of Jesuit court priests are sketched, such as the tasks unrelated to pastoral activity performed on behalf of their protectors and the emotional side of their relationship with them.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy aktywności kaznodziejów, spowiedników i prywatnych nauczycieli z zakonu jezuitów na dworach królewskich i magnackich w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Pierwsza część pracy skupia się na zasadach regulujących działalność kapelanów nadwornych, określonych w II połowie XVI stulecia. Następnie zarysowany jest zbiorowy portret jezuickich kapelanów prowincji litewskiej w XVII i XVIII w. W ramach tych rozważań autor omawia wzajemne oddziaływanie Towarzystwa Jezusowego i jego dobroczyńców, a także próbuje określić, w jakim stopniu prawodawstwo zakonne było przestrzegane w badanym kontekście. Pomimo marginalizacji jezuitów litewskich na dworze królewskim w II połowie XVII w., liczba kapelanów nadwornych pozostała znacząca. Wynikało to z silnej obecności w kręgu najbardziej wpływowych rodów litewskich, takich jak Radziwiłłowie i Sapiehowie. Na stanowisko kapelana nadwornego byli powoływani zazwyczaj księża na początku kariery zakonnej. W większości przypadków urząd ten sprawowano przez stosunkowo krótki okres, co uprawnia do stwierdzenia, że stanowił on odskocznię do późniejszych awansów. O powołaniu na służbę dworską decydowała osobowość kandydata: magnaci oczekiwali bowiem lojalności i roztropności od swoich kapelanów. Pożądana była także znajomość języka francuskiego. Pochodzenie społeczne nie odgrywało natomiast większej roli. Mimo że nie każdy kapelan nadworny wchodził w skład duchownej klienteli magnatów, wielu z nich pełniło zadania niezwiązane ściśle z powołaniem zakonnym. Relacje z patronami miały niekiedy charakter emocjonalny, jak ukazuje się w świetle korespondencji.

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Udział elit w bractwach jezuitów prowincji polskiej i litewskiej. Kontrola z góry czy organizacja od dołu?

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Mariani A.

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nr 1

25-39

EN

This article deals with the role of the nobility within Jesuit congregations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth around the mid-eighteenth century. The author takes into consideration the most recent acquisitions of Western European historiography. The French historian Louis Chatellier has underlined that brotherhoods and Marian congregations in particular were not mere instruments of social control imposed by Jesuits, but rather religious organizations meeting basic social needs like the care of the Poor. Therefore, their creation was mainly demanded from laics, who then played an important role in the administration of these organizations. As Enlightenment began to have an influence on elites, Jesuits transformed brotherhoods by making them more autonomous from elites and addressed their activity in favor of lower social groups. By using Polish old prints and archive sources, the author tries to verify to which extent the framework depicted by western historiography can be applied to the Polish-Lithuanian context. Similarities, as well as differences can be observed. In comparison to Western Continental Europe, the nobility of Poland and Lithuania traditionally played a major political and economical role and identified itself with the country’s social elite. Therefore, noblemen appeared either as main financial supporters, or as the most important actors in the religious and social life of congregations. Around the mid-eighteenth century, as Enlightenment began to spread throughout the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a close relationship persisted between Jesuits and elites. Nobility felt the importance of ensuring a minimum level of assistance to lower social groups in rural areas. In this light it can be understood the reason why Polish Jesuits enjoyed a great support from the nobility as they extended the activity of their congregations to such groups. Being under the influence of the nobility, Jesuits acted not only as part of the social care system in accordance with their religious views, but also as a factor of social cohesion in the Polish country.

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Sprawozdanie z konferencji

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Mariani A. , Nowicki M.

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nr 30

200-206

EN

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