Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Wplyw stosowanych przez Zaklady Uslug Lesnych srodkow zrywkowych na uszkodzenia gleby i pozostajacych drzew w sosnowych drzewostanach przedrebnych

100%

Zastocki D.

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nr 04

52-58

2

Koszty ponoszone przez Lasy Państwowe na realizację wybranych zadań z zakresu nasiennictwa i selekcji oraz hodowli lasu przez zakłady usług leśnych

63%

Zastocki D. , Kaliszewski A.

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2021

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tom 165

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nr 10

3

Energochłonność procesu balotowania pozostałości pozrębowych

51%

Moskalik T. , Nowacka W. L. , Sadowski J. , Zastocki D.

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tom 16

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nr 2B[39]

4

Efficiency of energy wood chip production from forest biomass

51%

Moskalik T. , Borkowska M. , Sadowski J. , Zastocki D.

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2012

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tom 11

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nr 4

EN

Various activities are undertaken worldwide in order to counteract the visible climate changes. One of them is promotion of renewable energy sources. Aims established by the European Commission with respect to increasing the share of energy obtained from RES assume an average increase of up to 20% by the year 2020. Poland, as an EU member state has been obliged to increase the share of energy from RES to 15%. Promoting renewable energy sources contributes to diversification of supplies, thus providing conditions for the development of energetics at a local level. Taking into account Polish conditionings it is believed that biomass, including forest biomass, can be an important renewable energy source. The present study focuses on the problem of efficiency of energy wood chip production from forest biomass utilizing a Bandit 2090 wood chipper. Chipping efficiency, depending on the condition of particular tree stands, ranged from 14 to 17 m3·h-1.

PL

W celu przeciwdziałania obserwowanym zmianom klimatycznym podejmowane są na świecie różnego rodzaju działania. Jednym z nich jest promowanie odnawialnych źródeł energii. Cele wyznaczone w ostatnim okresie przez Komisję Europejską dotyczą wzrostu udziału energii pochodzącej z odnawialnych źródeł średnio do 20% w 2020 roku. Polska jako kraj członkowski UE jest zobowiązana do zwiększenia tego udziału do 15%. Promowanie odnawialnych źródeł energii przyczynia się do dywersyfikacji dostaw, stwarzając warunki do rozwoju energetyki na poziomie lokalnym. Uwzględniając nasze warunki, uważa się, że jednym ze znaczących jej źródeł może być biomasa, także pochodząca z lasów. W pracy przedstawiono efektywność produkcji zrębków energetycznych z biomasy leśnej, produkowanych z wykorzystaniem rębaka Bandit 2090. Wydajność zrębkowania, w zależności od warunków drzewostanowych, kształtowała się na poziomie 14-17 m3·h-1.

5

Ocena submisji jako formy sprzedaży drewna najwyższej jakości

51%

Zastocki D. , Moskalik T. , Sadowski J.

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nr 09

EN

Submission is a public announcement of an offer in order to acquire buyers who then present their offerings in writing, thus accepting the terms of sales and payment for the purchased timber. Submission sales of valuable timber is one of the forms of sales of timber adopted by the State Forests National Forest Holding. Increasing demand for supreme quality timber, collected in large amounts in one place and time resulted in establishment of submission sales of valuable timber in RDLP Krosno in year 2000. The interest in veneer wood grew rapidly amongst domestic and foreign companies, and at the same time the district of Podkarpacie was being promoted. This study presents the sales results and prices acquired for veneer wood, and the evaluation of submission as a form of sales of valuable timber in years 2000−2014. The presented specification, from the analysed period, justifies the implementation of this form of sales.

6

Ochrona gleby leśnej przy pozyskiwaniu i zrywce drewna

51%

Sadowski J. , Moskalik T. , Zastocki D.

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nr 1[46]

PL

Pozyskiwanie drewna, zgodnie z ustawą o lasach, jest jedną z głównych dziedzin działalności leśnictwa. Proces ten może się odbywać jednak pod warunkiem zapewnienia maksymalnej ochrony środowiska. Ze społecznego i gospodarczego punktu widzenia z pozyskiwania drewna zrezygnować nie można. Leśników więc obowiązuje zasada takiego postępowania, aby naruszenie równowagi środowiska było minimalne i umożliwiało szybki powrót do stanu poprzedzającego rozpoczęcie procesu pozyskiwania. Przejazdy maszyn oraz transport surowca drzewnego powodują naruszenia wierzchniej warstwy gleby leśnej. Powstają koleiny, zmienia się struktura gleby i jej własności, a szczególnie zwięzłość. Na rozmiary uszkodzeń wpływa wiele czynników związanych z konstrukcją maszyn, własnościami podłoża oraz przygotowaniem powierzchni. Poznanie występujących zależności powinno umożliwić określenie technologii i sposobów pracy pozyskiwania drewna minimalizujących ryzyko wystąpienia szkód glebowych.

EN

Forest soil protection in timber harvesting and logging. According to the law on forests, timber harvesting is one of the main fi elds of forestry. This process however is only possible to employ with ensured maximal environmental protection. From the social and economic points of view, timber harvesting may not be relinquished. Therefore foresters are obligated to apply the procedure that the interference with natural environment would be minimal and should allow for fast return to the original condition preceding the timber harvesting process. Machine drives and transportation of raw wood material cause disturbance in the top layer of forest soil. Path holes are formed and the structure and the properties of soil begin to change, its compactness in particular. The extent of such damage is infl uenced by a number of factors, such as machinery construction, properties of the ground as well as preparation of the surface. Knowing the existing dependencies should allow to determine technologies and the manner of timber harvesting activities minimising the risk of soil damage.

7

Wybrane technologiczne i ekonomiczne aspekty balotowania pozostałości pozrębowych

51%

Moskalik T. , Sadowski J. , Zastocki D.

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nr 01

EN

As the access to the fossil fuels is limited, renewable energy sources have been especially intensively promoted in recent years, namely biomass. A comparatively large amount of biomass can be obtained from forests. This refers to round wood characterized by low technical quality, small−sized wood, and logging residues. Under Polish conditions, the potential amount of logging residues is estimated at 3−5 Mio. m³ per year, depending on different scenarios of their ulitization. Intense development of technologies for energy acquisition from the forest biomass has provided conditions facilitating the use of logging residues on an industrial scale. One of the possible solutions is bundling. In this process slash is compacted into cylindrical log−like units with diameter of ca. 65−75 cm and length of 2.5−3.0 m. The bundles can be forwarded to the roadside landing with standard forwarders and transported to the terminal or end−user with trucks utilized, first of all, by a round wood hauling. The John Deere slash bundler 1490D was the subject of the study. The basic unit of the bundling device was an eight−wheel forwarder. The study area was located in north−eastern Poland and comprised 10 selected plots. They represent coniferous stands, dominated by Scots pine with various fraction of Norway spruce and scattered birches. The aim of the paper was to estimate the basic technological and economic parameters of the bundling machine, working in clear cuts with two variants of logging residues concentration. In the first variant they were not especially accumulated, evenly distributed over the area. In the other one they were gathered into piles. The structure of a working day, work productivity rates, and the costs were determined. The bundler productivity rate depends largely on the extent the slash is prepared. When it is concentrated in piles, the machine does not have to travel over the entire work area to gather scattered material. In this case, the average productivity was 21.85 bundles/h. In the variant with scattered logging residues, work efficiency equaled 15.19 bundles/h. The hourly cost of the bundler use reached 289.42 PLN. The unit costs were at the level of 52.91 PLN/m³ (variant 1) and 38.54 PLN/m³ (variant 2).

8

Wyniki submisji drewna cennego na przykładzie RDLP Krosno

51%

Zastocki D. , Dobosz L. , Moskalik T. , Sadowski J.

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nr 07

9

Basic parameters of timber harvesting processes in mountain beech stands in Komancza Forest Inspectorate

51%

Sadowski J. , Moskalik T. , Zastocki D.

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2012

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tom 11

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nr 4

EN

The basic purpose of this study was to determine a working-day structure and work productivity rate during the process of timber harvesting in mountain conditions. The parameters were determined on the ground of data collected during field studies. The aforesaid working-day structure was defined on the ground of time study observations. The areas included in the survey were typically mountain stands, in which cutting was applied by means of a cutting method IVd. Work teams assigned approximately 50-70% of their work-shift time to technological operations, whose greatest part was taken by delimbing and slashing. A significant portion of the day was taken by preparation of a workstand (approx. 10%), as well as cutting and felling. This was caused primarily by the necessity of snow coat removal. Technological work productivity rates amounted to some 3 to 14 m3 per day per one worker. During the skidding process, a significant percentage of trees remaining along the skidding path was being injured. On the ground of the obtained results and their analyses, an attempt was made to evaluate and suggest possible changes in timber harvesting organization, in order to improve work productivity rates.

PL

Podstawowym celem pracy było ustalenie struktury dnia roboczego oraz wydajności pracy przy pozyskiwaniu drewna w warunkach górskich. Parametry określono z wykorzystaniem danych zebranych podczas badań terenowych. Strukturę dnia roboczego ustalono na podstawie chronometrażu i obserwacji migawkowych. Powierzchnie objęte pomiarami to drzewostany typowo górskie, w których wykonywano użytkowanie rębne rębnią IVd. Zespoły robocze przeznaczały na operacje technologiczne około 50-70% czasu zmiany roboczej, przy czym najwięcej na okrzesywanie i przerzynkę. Znaczną część dnia zajmowało przygotowanie stanowiska roboczego (ok. 10%) oraz ścinka i obalanie drzew. W głównej mierze wynikało to z konieczności odgarnięcia pokrywy śnieżnej. Wydajność prac technologicznych wynosiła dziennie od 3 do 14 m3 na 1 robotnika. W czasie zrywki uszkadzany był znaczny procent drzew pozostających wzdłuż szlaku zrywkowego. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników oraz ich analizy podjęto próbę oceny oraz wskazania możliwości wprowadzenia zmian w organizacji pozyskiwania drewna mających na celu zwiększenie efektywności pracy.

10

Produkcja węgla drzewnego na przykładzie RDLP Krosno

45%

Zastocki D. , Sadowski J. , Moskalik T. , Oktaba J. , Janik M.

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nr 10

EN

The burning of wood in the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland) began to play a significant role with first settlements in this region in the 17th and 18th centuries. Large beech wood resources were the main reason for such a high charcoal production in this part of Poland. The role of charcoal production in the Bieszczady region is reflected in the names of villages such as Smolnik (Tar), Potasznia (Potash) and Mielerzysko (Charcoal Pile). The aim of this paper is to present the scope and volume of charcoal production in forest districts located in the territory of the Krosno Regional Directorate of State Forests (RDSF) in 2008−2013. It also identifies the number of companies dealing with charcoal production as well as the efficiency and amount of burned charcoal calculated on the basis of the quantity of purchased wood. The verification of the information about the locations of charcoal burning concerned all 26 forest districts of the Krosno RDSF. Charcoal burning bases were identified in the following forest districts: Baligród, Bircza, Cisna, Dukla, Komancza, Lutowiska, Rymanów and Stuposiany. Most bases were located in the territory of the Lutowiska ranging from 5 to 7 in the analysed period. Slight changes in the number of charcoal burning bases were found in the Cisna forest district, where initially there were 5 companies involved in charcoal production, while in 2009−2010 their number increased to 6 entities. In the Stuposiany forest district 5 bases of charcoal burning run by two companies were identified, and in the Baligród and Komańcza forest districts four charcoal burning bases operated in each of them. In the Dukla forest district, two companies dealing with charcoal production were identified in 2008−2009, one in 2010−2012, while in 2013 no such entity was found. In the Bircza and Rymanów forest districts, only one charcoal burning base operated at that time. In 2008−2013, the number of bases located in the research area slightly decreased from 29 to 25, and the amount of produced charcoal decreased from 7372.4 to 3855.6 tonnes sold mainly in Bieszczady and part of the Lublin region. A significant drop in production was not the result of a decrease in demand; it was rather associated, inter alia, with the import of cheaper charcoal from abroad.

11

Pozyskanie drewna w nadleśnictwach Puszczy Białowieskiej w latach 2008-2015

45%

Zastocki D. , Lachowicz H. , Sadowski J. , Moskalik T. , Nietupska M.

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nr 11

EN

The paper presents a multifaceted structure of timber harvest in 2008−2015 in the Białowieża, Browsk and Hajnówka forest districts located in the Białowieża Forest. The object of the research, including the Białowieża National Park being a remnant of the primeval forests, is considered one of the most valuable forest areas of natural origin in Europe. The studies were made on the basis of the data from the reports created by the State Forests Information System and forest management plans, as well as the nature conservation programs of the surveyed forest districts. In the analysed period, a total of 665,032.5 m³ of merchantable timber was harvested in the analysed area. The highest volume of merchantable timber was harvested in the Browsk Forest District – 305,934 m³ (46%), then in the Hajnówka Forest District – 219,300 m³ (33%), with the lowest volume harvested in the Białowieża Forest District 139,788 m³ (21%). Among the individual assortment groups, the medium−sized timber was the most common and its harvested volume amounted to 413,579 m³, while the harvested volume of large−sized timber amounted to 251,454 m³. The lowest harvested volume concerned the small−sized timber and amounted to 21,652 m³. In the analysed period, softwood had the largest share in timber harvest and amounted to 443,469 m³. Hardwood was obtained in the volume of 243,215 m³. According to the cutting category, the timber harvest structure was as follows: the highest volume was harvested in precommercial thinning 382,495 m³ (54%), that from incidental felling amounted to 251,003 m³ (38%), while the lowest volume of harvested timber was from final cutting – 53,186 m³ (8%). Forest districts located in the Białowieża Forest encounter many difficulties affecting timber harvest. The main reason for this lies in the numerous restrictions imposed on the management of areas covered by various forms of nature protection, including the exclusion of some habitats, or stands of 100 years of age and older from management, which significantly affects the yield. The lack of a determined rotation age for stands in the Białowieża Forest also has a significant impact on timber harvest.