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Sto let výuky egyptologie v češtině

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Bareš L.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2019

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nr 22

5-20

EN

In April 1919, František Lexa, at that time a grammar school teacher of mathematics, physics and philosophy, started to lecture on Egyptology at the Czech Faculty of Arts of Charles University. Only three years later, he became Associate Professor of Egyptology at the faculty. As the only Egyptologist at the faculty (it was not until 1930 that his former pupil, Jaroslav Černý, started to read some lectures alongside him as a private senior lecturer), Lexa addressed a broad range of themes during his lectures. For several years in the mid-1930s, he was the only professor of Egyptology in Europe who taught Demotic studies. After the outbreak of World War II, when the Czech universities were closed by the Nazi regime, Lexa retired, to be reactivated immediately after the war’s end. Jaroslav Černý joined him again for a while until he left for England in 1946. Their pupil, Zbyněk Žába (who graduated in Egyptology in 1949), followed Lexa as Professor of Egyptology at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University since 1959. The number of students was strictly limited during the Communist regime – only five of them (Miroslav Verner and Jaromír Málek among them) graduated between 1960 and 1990. Following Zbyněk Žába’s death in 1971, moreover, the study of Egyptology itself was almost cancelled at the faculty due to the tightening political situation. Since 1989, Egyptology is regularly taught at the Faculty of Arts, and the number of students has increased rapidly. At the same time, the lectures are read by a much greater number of specialists, including visiting professors from abroad.

CS

V roce 1919 začal František Lexa, v té době gymnaziální profesor matematiky, fyziky a filozofické propedeutiky, přednášet egyptologii na české filozofické fakultě Karlovy univerzity. O tři roky později se na téže fakultě stal mimořádným profesorem. Jako jediný egyptolog v rámci celé fakulty (teprve v roce 1930 začal jeho bývalý žák Jaroslav Černý na téže fakultě přednášet jako soukromý docent) vedl přednášky o velké tematické šíři. V polovině 30. let jako jediný v celé Evropě vyučoval démotštinu. Po vypuknutí 2. světové války byly české vysoké školy uzavřeny nacisty a František Lexa odešel do penze, ale hned po konci války se opět vrátil na fakultu. Na krátkou dobu se k němu opět připojil i Jaroslav Černý, ten však v roce 1946 odešel přednášet do Anglie. Jejich žák Zbyněk Žába egyptologii absolvoval v roce 1949 a posléze se stal Lexovým nástupcem jako profesor egyptologie na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy (od roku 1959). Za komunistického režimu byl počet studentů přísně omezen – mezi lety 1960 a 1990 tak tento obor úspěšně vystudovalo pouze pět absolventů (mezi nimi Miroslav Verner a Jaromír Málek). Po smrti Zbyňka Žáby v roce 1971 byl obor v důsledku zostřené politické situace navíc téměř zrušen. Od roku 1989 se egyptologie na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy přednáší pravidelně a počet studentů značně vzrostl. Na výuce se rovněž podílí mnohem větší počet odborníků, a to včetně hostujících profesorů ze zahraničí.

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Rudolf Dvořák (1860–1920) – patron vzniku české egyptologie

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Bareš L.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2020

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nr 24

43-48

EN

Rudolf Dvořák (1860–1920), the first professor of oriental languages at the Faculty of Arts of the Czech Carlo-Ferdinand University in Prague, showed a certain interest in Egyptology as well. During his study stay in Leipzig (1882/1883), he attended courses of ancient Egyptian given by Georg Ebers. When František Lexa, a grammar school teacher who started to learn ancient Egyptian as an autodidact, published in 1905 and 1906 his first translations of ancient Egyptian texts, Dvořák convinced him to become an Egyptologist. Until his death, he helped Lexa to build an academic career in Egyptology

CS

Rudolf Dvořák (1860–1920), první profesor orientální filologie na filozofické fakultě české Karlo-Ferdinandovy univerzity v Praze, se navzdory svému zaměření spíše na moderní jazyky Orientu zajímal i o egyptologii. Během studijního pobytu v Lipsku (1882–1883) mimo jiné navštěvoval i přednášky profesora egyptologie Georga Eberse. Poté, co František Lexa, v té době středoškolský profesor matematiky, fyziky a filozofické propedeutiky, který se jako samouk začal staroegyptský jazyk učit, publikoval v letech 1905 a 1906 své první překlady z egyptštiny, přesvědčil ho Dvořák, aby se tomuto oboru trvale věnoval. I v dalších letech pro Lexu vytvářel vhodné podmínky a pomáhal mu dosáhnout akademické kariéry v egyptologii.

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The large Late Period shaft tombs at Abusir – continuity and change (a case study)

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Bareš L.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2022

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nr 28

7-27

EN

The large shaft tombs at Abusir have apparently been constructed during a rather short period of time (cer tainly not exceeding one generation) and, most probably, by one and the same group of architects, workmen and artists. According to the present knowledge, moreover, their owners seem to have been related to each other in some or other way. In spite of that, those structures display a remarkable number of differences in their layout, in the decoration of their burial chambers and even in such a fundamental feature as the orientation of the mummy of the deceased. While some changes in the construction details can easily be explained as an outcome of the growing experience in the building process, other differences (concerning, e.g., variations in the decoration of the burial chambers or the general orientation of the tomb) can only result from a deliberate decision of those who commissioned those monuments (including perhaps their owners as well). The paper enumerates the differences among the large shaft tombs at Abusir and tries to find their motivation.

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Objeví se další Iufaa? (Jaro 2015 v šachtových hrobkách v Abúsíru)

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Bareš L. , Bělohoubková D.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2016

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nr 16

3-6

EN

During the spring season of 2015, the study of the texts and relief decoration in the large Late Period shaft tombs in the western part of the Abusir necropolis continued. At the same time, several trial trenches were dug in the area of another large shaft tomb situated to the northeast of the structure of Udjahorresnet. Here, two corners of the original foundation trench were unearthed, as well as the mouth of a lateral shaft (situated in the axis of the southern side of the tomb). The superstructure of the tomb was almost totally destroyed by the later quarrying of stone. In the debris, almost no finds were uncovered, except for three statue bases made of limestone.

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Preliminary report on archaeological activities on the Late Period shaft tomb necropolis in Abusir, mainly the tomb of Wahibremeryneith (AW 6)

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Bareš L. , Smoláriková K. , Janák J. , Landgráfová R.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2022

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nr 29

7-26

EN

In a group of large shaft tombs situated in the western part of the ancient Egyptian necropolis at Abusir and dating to late Twenty sixth Dynasty or early Twenty seventh Dynasty, a unique embalming cache has been unearthed. With altogether 370 large pottery storage jars and a number of smaller artefacts it certainly belongs to the largest finds of its kind in not only the area of the pyramid fields, but in the entire Egypt. All those vessels were found in a shaft (measuring 5.3 × 5.3 m) adjacent to a huge burial structure AW 6. Here, the vessels were subsequently laid in altogether 14 clusters, situated at depths from 4 to 12 m and adjoining the sides of the shaft in turns to form a huge spiral. In the uppermost group of the vessels, moreover, four inscribed canopic jars made of limestone were found, all of them empty and clearly unused. According to the texts inscribed on them, the canopic jars belonged to certain Wahibremeryneith, son of the Lady Irturut. Although a number of dignitaries of such a name are known from this period, none of them can be identified as the owner of this tomb. Judging from the dimensions and arrangement of his tomb, he must have belonged to the highest dignitaries of his times, together with his neighbours in the cemetery – Udjahorresnet, Iufaa and Menekhibnekau.

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Další šachtová hrobka v Abúsíru – zatím více otázek než odpovědí (Jarní sezóna 2017 v prostoru velkých šachtových hrobek z poloviny 1. tisíciletí př. Kr. v západním Abúsíru)

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Bareš L. , Bělohoubková D. , Landgráfová R. , Smoláriková K.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2018

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nr 20

3-11

EN

During the spring season of 2017, the study of the texts and relief decoration in the large Late Period shaft tombs of Iufaa and Menekhibnekau in the western part of the Abusir necropolis continued. The final publication of the texts from the tomb of Menekhibnekau is planned to appear in 2018. At the same time, the superstructure of another large shaft tomb, dubbed AW 6 and situated to the north-east of the structure of Udjahorresnet, was completely excavated. Originally, it consisted of an enclosure measuring about 19.5 metres square and surrounding a huge central shaft (about 14 m2). On the numerous limestone fragments, no traces of inscriptions or relief decoration have been preserved. A limestone base (originally serving perhaps for a stela) was found in its original position in front of the northern facade of the enclosure; similar bases were unearthed in the centres of the remaining three sides of the original enclosure in 2015. Therefore, the tomb might have been used for the burial of its – as yet anonymous – owner. In the close vicinity of the original enclosure, no traces of a small shaft were found that would give access to the burial chamber situated at the bottom of the huge central shaft. Rather surprisingly, however, another shaft (measuring 5.5 m2) came to light close to the southwestern corner of the enclosure. Judging from its position, it might be either another embalmers’ cache or, more probably perhaps, the burial place of a family member (?) of the owner of AW 6.