Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Microclimate and Water Conditions of an Extracted and Natural Raised Bog

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Zarzycki J. , Skowera B. , Zając E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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tom Vol. 21, nr 7

115--123

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the hydrological and microclimatic parameters in the areas at different stages of succession after the discontinuation of peat extraction relative to the conditions on a natural raised bog (Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin, Poland). Understanding these conditions is necessary for the effective reclamation of degraded peatlands. Three measurement points were designated in the study area: one on the non-degraded dome of the bog and two in post-mining areas in different stages of succession (Sector A with pine and birch woodland; Sector B with cotton-grass and ericaceous shrubs). Continuous measurements of the water table level, precipitation and air temperature and humidity were performed between May and October in the year 2016. The air temperature throughout the warm half of the year significantly influenced the groundwater levels, as it is the main factor directly affecting evapotranspiration. The effect of the amount of rainfall on the water level proved significant in the post-mining areas, but not significant for the dome of the bog. Under the conditions of an undegraded peat bog, the upper layer, consisting of live and partially decomposed Sphagnum mosses, limits the water level fluctuations by reducing the evaporation from the surface during periods of low water levels, which is caused by a high water storage capacity and reduced infiltration. In advanced stages of secondary forest succession, trees reduce the evapotranspiration from the surface, which reduces fluctuations in the water level; however, by taking up a large amount of water from the deeper layers, they lower it significantly. The greatest effect of the weather conditions on the water level fluctuations occurs at the stage in which the bog is overgrown by shrubs, when there is no natural peat layer, and the impact of shrubs is much smaller than that of trees.

2

Atmospheric Air Pollution with Tropospheric Ozone on the Example of Selected Rural Villages of the Lubelskie Region

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Zuśka Z. , Baranowska A. , Skowera B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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tom Vol. 20, nr 10

233--240

EN

In excessive concentrations, the tropospheric ozone (the so-called trioxygen O3) constitutes a serious threat to the ecosystems of our planet. It is a threat to the health and life of people. In plants, it contributes to disruption of the most important biochemical processes. The purpose of this study was to assess atmospheric air pollution with tropospheric ozone in selected rural villages of the Lubelskie region in the years 2015–2017. Assessment of air quality in the Lubelskie region in terms of the content of tropospheric ozone, which is significant for the protection of plants and human health, was carried out in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 24 August 2012 on the levels of certain substances in the air, as well as more restrictive guidelines of the World Health Organization. The research used the hourly values of automatic measurements of the tropospheric ozone immission in the years 2015–2017. The data originated from three measurement stations, which function as part of the Air Quality Monitoring System, in three rural communes located in the north-western, central and southern part of the Lubelskie region. As a result of implemented research, no tropospheric ozone concentrations exceeding the threshold values, at which the public should be informed about the risk of exceeding the alarm level, were noted. The highest mean tropospheric ozone immission was recorded during the calendar summer and calendar spring, while the lowest was recorded during the calendar winter and autumn. In terms of human health protection, the largest exceedances of the maximum mean 8-hour value of tropospheric ozone were recorded during the calendar summer at Florianka station, which was located at the highest position (270 m above sea level) in relation to other measurement stations covered by this study. In terms of plant protection, the mean tropospheric ozone concentration, expressed with the use of AOT40, did not exceed the applicable target level (18 000 μg∙m-3∙h) at any of the measurement stations. The highest mean value of AOT40 was recorded at the Florianka meteorological station (14 653.9 μg∙m-3∙h), while the lowest was recorded at the Jarczew station (7 486.2 μg∙m-3∙h).

3

The Meteorological Conditions of Precipitation Deficits in the Cultivation of Winter Wheat in Central and Eastern Poland

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Skowera B. , Baranowska A. , Węgrzyn A. , Bartoszek K. , Wojkowski J. , Ivanišová E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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tom Vol. 24, nr 9

50--62

EN

The problem of precipitation deficits constitutes an issue that is significant on a global, regional, and local scale, particularly in the aspect of climate warming. The purpose of this research was to determine the amount, frequency and trends of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of winter wheat in central and eastern Poland, over a period of fifty years (1971–2020). This study used the values of average monthly air temperatures, as well as monthly total precipitation, decadal precipitation needs of winter wheat within central and eastern Poland. Based on the performed research, both spatial and temporal differences were observed in the scope of the amount and frequency of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of winter wheat. The lowest risk of precipitation deficits was found in May (from 15% to 32%), which is a critical month in the cultivation of this plant in Poland, while the highest risk of precipitation deficits was observed in June (from 22% to 56%), which is an unfavourable phenomenon, because winter wheat is in the so-called grain filling phase since mid-June. It was also found that there is a statistically significant upward trend of the winter wheat’s precipitation needs in April, June, and July. An increase in the inflow of warm and dry air masses from the southern sectors was one of the factors impacting the amount and frequency of precipitation deficits in the cultivation of wheat. The problem of climate warming that has been increasing in recent years, and – as a consequence – an increase in precipitation deficit during the growing season of plants, demonstrate the need for further research in this scope.

4

Circulation Conditions Determining High PM10 Concentrations in the Sącz Basin (Poland)

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Dacewicz E. , Kopcińska J. , Skowera B. , Węgrzyn A. , Wojkowski J. , Ziernicka-Wojtaszek A. , Zuśka Z.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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tom Tom 21, cz. 1

264--280

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the level of atmospheric particulate matter in the Sącz Basin depending on circulation conditions. The study used average daily PM10 concentrations measured from December 2006 to November 2016 at the air monitoring reference station in Nowy Sącz, belonging to the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow. A calendar of circulation types for southern Poland was used as well. The collected data on average daily PM10 concentrations were used to calculate seasonal mean values for spring, summer, autumn and winter for the period from December 2006 to November 2016. Based on the limit value for 24-hour average PM10 concentration (50 µg∙m-3), the frequency of its exceedances (%) was calculated in the analysed time intervals, as well as the frequency of exceedances of the information level (200 µg∙m-3) and alarm level (300 µg∙m-3). Then, particulate concentrations were analysed with respect to types of synoptic conditions. For this purpose, average PM10 concentrations in different types of synoptic conditions and the frequency of these types in each season were calculated. In the decade from 2006 to 2016, the highest PM10 concentrations in Nowy Sącz were observed in the winter and the lowest in the summer. The average daily PM10 concentration was 85 µg∙m-3 for winter, 45 µg∙m-3 for spring, 25 µg∙m-3 for summer, and 49 µg∙m-3 for autumn. The most days in which the acceptable PM10 values were exceeded were recorded in December, January and February (66.7-69.5%). The acceptable, information and alarm levels were most frequently exceeded in 2009, 2010 and 2012, and in February 2012 the information level was exceeded on as many as 30% of days. The research showed a relationship between the PM10 level and the type of accompanying atmospheric circulation. The highest exceedances of the acceptable values were nearly always observed in certain characteristic circulation conditions. Irrespective of the season, the highest PM10 concentrations were found in anticyclonic non-directional types (Ka and Ca) and in the case of advections of air masses from the southern sector (SEa, Sa and SWa). The highest PM10 concentrations were observed in winter, on average 128 µg∙m-3for Ka, 115 µg∙m-3 for SEa and 109 µg∙m-3 for SWa. Lower concentrations accompanied low-pressure systems. In cyclonic conditions, the highest concentrations of particulate matter exceeding the acceptable level were recorded especially in autumn and winter. They were mainly associated with non-directional types (Bc, Cc and X).

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie poziomu stopnia zapylenia powietrza atmosferycznego w Kotlinie Sądeckiej w zależności od uwarunkowań cyrkulacyjnych. W badaniach wykorzystano średnie dobowe stężenia pyłu zawieszonego PM10 pomierzone w okresie od grudnia 2006 roku do listopada 2016 roku na stacji referencyjnej monitoringu powietrza w Nowym Sączu należącej do Wojewódzkiego Inspektoratu Ochrony Środowiska w Krakowie. Wykorzystano również kalendarz typów cyrkulacji dla obszaru Polski Południowej. Zebrane dane o średnim dobowym stężeniu pyłu PM10 posłużyły do obliczeń wartości średnich sezonowych dla wiosny, lata, jesieni i zimy za okres od grudnia 2006 roku do listopada 2016 roku. Na podstawie dopuszczalnej wartości średniego dobowego (24-godzinnego) stężenia pyłu PM10 (50 µg∙m-3) obliczono w analizowanych przedziałach czasowych częstość jego przekroczeń (%), a także częstość przekroczeń poziomu informowania (200 µg∙m-3) i poziomu alarmowego (300 µg∙m-3). Następnie stężenia pyłu przeanalizowano na tle sytuacji synoptycznych. W tym celu obliczono średnie wartości stężeń pyłu PM10 w poszczególnych typach sytuacji synoptycznych oraz częstości występowania tych typów w analizowanych sezonach kalendarzowych. W badanym dziesięcioleciu 2006-2016 najwyższe wartości stężeń pyłu PM10 obserwowano w Nowym Sączu w sezonie zimowym, a najniższe latem. Średnie dobowe stężenie pyłu PM10 wyniosło dla sezonu zimowego 85 µg∙-3, wiosennego 45 µg∙m-3, letniego 25 µg∙m-3, a jesiennego 49 µg∙m-3. Najwięcej dni, w których wystąpiło przekroczenie wartości dopuszczalnych pyłu PM10 zanotowano w grudniu, styczniu i lutym (66,7-69,5%). Przekroczenia poziomów dopuszczalnych, informowania i alarmowych najczęściej obserwowano w latach 2009, 2010 i 2012, a w lutym 2012 roku aż w 30% dni przekroczone były poziomy informowania. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały zależność pomiędzy stopniem zapylenia pyłem PM10 a występującym typem cyrkulacji atmosferycznej. Najwyższe przekroczenia wartości dopuszczalnych prawie zawsze były obserwowane tylko w pewnych charakterystycznych warunkach cyrkulacyjnych. Niezależnie od pory roku, najwyższe poziomy stężeń pyłu PM10 stwierdzono w sytuacjach antycyklonalnych bezadwekcyjnych (Ka i Ca) oraz przy adwekcjach mas powietrza z sektora południowego (SEa, Sa i SWa). W sezonach zimowych obserwowano najwyższe wartości stężeń PM10, średnio 128 µg∙m-3 dla Ka, 115 µg∙-3 -dla SEa i 109 µg∙-3 dla SWa. Niższe stężenia towarzyszyły pogodzie niżowej. Podczas pogody cyklonalnej najwyższe zarejestrowane stężenia pyłu przekraczające dopuszczalny poziom, występowały szczególnie jesienią i zimą. Były one związane przede wszystkim z sytuacjami bezadwekcyjnymi (Bc, Cc, i X).

5

The effect of meteorological conditions on the course of development stages and yield of winter wheat in southern Poland

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Skowera B. , Kulig B. , Ziernicka-Wojtaszek A. , Grygierzec W. , Ziółkowska E. , Lepiarczyk A.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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tom no. 60

157--166

EN

Yield and the course of crop vegetation are the result of the interaction between the level of cultivation technology and the course of meteorological conditions, which are a variable production factor. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of meteorological conditions on the course of development stages and yield of winter wheat cultivated in two technological variants (A1 - medium-intensive and A2 - intensive). The paper uses data on yield and timing of winter wheat development stages from four Experimental Stations for Variety Testing (Pol. Centralny Ośrodek Badania Odmian Roślin Uprawnych - COBORU) experimental stations from 2007-2016 located within the Upper Vistula and Upper Oder River basins. To determine the dependence of the length of development stages of winter wheat on the values of selected meteorological elements, the linear regression metod, correlation coefficient. It was found that the lengths of the selected developmental stages are positively correlated with air temperature and negatively correlated with the sum and number of days with precipitation in these stages. A 1°C increase in air temperature resulted in a shortening of the shooting - heading and heading - full maturity periods by 2.5 and 2.8 days respectively. An increase of 100 mm of precipitation in the periods sowing - full maturity and heading - full maturity resulted in an increase of these periods by 5 and 10 days. Increasing the number of days with precipitation by 10 days in the sowing - full maturity and heading - vax maturity stages resulted in extending these stages by 4.1 to 4.4 and 7 to 7.5 days for the A1 and A2 cropping technologies, respectively.