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3
Content available remote System kształcenia oficerów Sił Lądowych USA
100%
EN
The author presents an overview of the educational and professional development systems of the US Army officer. The particular phases of an officer’s career are based on subsequent education and military training that the typical Army officer needs to take to advance in his career. The educational system includes such steps as the United States Military Academy, the Reserve Officer Training Corps or the Officer Candidate School, and later on the Basic Officer Leadership Course, the Captain’s Course, the Command and General Staff College, the Army War College, and the National Defense College. By analyzing the particular educational steps of an officer’s military career, the author concludes that the officer can spend even as much as up to 30-40% of his career while in schooling.
EN
The League for Defence of Natural Heritage and Polish Tourist and Country Lovers Society have launched an initiative aimed at creating special natural areas within the overall plan of natural development. The governors of Białystok, Łomża, Olsztyn, Ostrołęka and Suwałki signed a relevant agreement in May 1989, and the Minister of Environment in June 1991. The Green Lungs of Poland will have the combined area of Belgium and Denmark - and will cover a quarter of the country’s area. It will comprise of lakes, rivers, the 8 primeval forests, 4 national parks, a few areas of outstanding natural beauty and over a hundred of nature reserves.
PL
Z inicjatywą utworzenia obszaru wyodrębnionego w planie przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju ze względu na szczególne znaczenie dla przyrody całego kraju i występowanie na nim cennych obiektów przyrodniczych wystąpiła Liga Ochrony Przyrody i Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-Krajoznawcze. Porozumienie w tej sprawie podpisali w maju 1989 ówcześni wojewodowie białostocki, łomżyński, olsztyński, ostrołęcki i suwalski, a minister środowiska - w czerwcu 1991. Zielone Płuca Polski to obszar o rozmiarach Belgii i Danii, jedna czwarta terytorium naszego kraju. Obejmują jeziora, rzeki, osiem puszcz, cztery parki narodowe, kilka parków krajobrazowych, ponad sto rezerwatów przyrody.
Ekonomista
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2007
|
nr 5
781-797
EN
The successes of economic transformation in Poland were accompanied by a series of negative phenomena which emerged with greater intensity than in any other country in Central Europe and in the European Union. In terms of comparative economics, the most important features of the present socio-economic order in Poland are the following: 1) massive and permanent unemployment; 2) slightly more than half of working age population is employed; 3) widespread and growing poverty; 4) high number of homeless people and undernourished or even hungry children; 5) large and growing disparities of wages and incomes bringing a danger of oligarchic democracy; 6) very poor working conditions in the private sector; 7) annihilation of trade unions; 8) the crisis in the welfare state is more acute then in the other Central European states; 9) the privatization practices contradict distributive justice requirements. This socio-economic order is by and large a result of conservative, neo-liberal policy, which in Poland is wrongly treated as identical with liberalism as such. This paper brings an attempt to vindicate other currents of liberalism, particularly those open towards full employment, social security, democratic ownership, equality and distributive justice.
Aura
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2007
|
nr 05
30-32
EN
The author underlines the significance of bees and bee-keeping in national economy, mentioning its thousand-year history in Poland. He emphasises the contribution of Polish scientists and practitioners in the development of apidology and bee keeping methods. The current status of Polish apiculture is extensively dealt with.
PL
Autor zwraca uwagę na znaczenie pszczół i bartnictwa w gospodarce kraju, wspomina jego tysiącletnią historię w Polsce. Podkreśla wkład polskich uczonych i praktyków w rozwój apidologii i praktyki pszczelarskiej. Obszernie przedstawia natomiast obecny stan pszczelarstwa w Polsce.
10
Content available remote Porównanie teoretycznej nośności tarczy żelbetowej z nośnością rzeczywistą
100%
PL
W artykule omówiono zarówno wyniki, jak i przebieg badań nośności tarczy żelbetowej pełnościennej. Otrzymaną nośność porównano z wynikiem otrzymanym podczas obliczeń teoretycznej nośności elementu.
EN
In the paper both the results and the course of the research capacity of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam was presented. The resulting load capacity with result obtained during theoretical calculations was compared.
EN
Monthly, seasonal and annual values for outflow and outflow coefficient measured over ten years for a small agricultural catchment are presented. The catchment is situated at 723-822 m a.s.l and covers 40.57 ha. Mean annual precipitation total during the investigated period was 850 mm and mean annual air temperature was 5.9oC. Average annual overall outflow from the catchment was 446 mm, i.e. 52% of total precipitation. The outflow varied considerably in relation to rainfall/snowfall/snowmelt conditions. The highest monthly outflow was in March and the lowest in November (20.6% and 3.8% of the annual outflow, respectively). Considerable variability of the outflow from the catchment is caused mainly by frequent torrential rains in summer and infiltration of water into groundwater reserves during spring snowmelt.
PL
Praca zawiera wyniki oznaczeń składu granulometrycznego, gęstości właściwej i objętościowej, porowatości oraz współczynników filtracji 3 kompozytów o różnych proporcjach piasku grubego do gliny pylastej, o zróżnicowanych zawartościach substancji organicznej. Kompozyty tworzono i badano w aspekcie możliwości dostosowania do budowy warstwy nośnej płyty boiska piłkarskiego i porównano je, pod względem uziarnienia i wodoprzepuszczalności, z wymaganiami normy DIN 18035. Stwierdzono, że krzywe uziarnienia kompozytów o skrajnych – największej i najmniejszej zawartości piasku w pewnych obszarach przedziału normatywnego odbiegały nieco od wymagań normy. Najbardziej dostosowanym do normy pod względem uziarnienia był kompozyt o średniej zawartości piasku. Wartości współczynników filtracji kompozytów silniej zagęszczonych (to jest o mniejszej porowatości), przy relatywnie niższych wartościach, zależały od uziarnienia – w przeciwieństwie do osiągających większe wartości współczynników, które od uziarnienia nie zależały, uzyskanych przy analogicznym uziarnieniu i mniejszym zagęszczeniu. Badania wykazały, że wszystkie badane kompozyty spełniały pod względem wodoprzepuszczalności wymaganie normy, przy czym graniczną wartość dopuszczalną spełniał silniej zagęszczony kompozyt o największej zawartości gliny pylastej.
EN
The paper contains results of assessments of granulometric composition, specific and bulk density, porosity and permeability coefficients of 3 composites with different coarse sand to silt loam proportions, each with 2 slightly diversified variants of organic substance content. The composites were made and tested regarding their potential applications for constructing the carrying layer of a football pitch and were compared, concerning their granulation and water permeability, with DIN 18035 standard. It was determined that the size distribution curve of the composites with the extreme, i.e. the biggest and the smallest content of sand in some areas of standard interval differed slightly from the standard requirements. The composite best adjusted to the standard with regard to granulation was the composite with an medium content of sand. Values of permeability coefficients for more compact composites (i.e. of smaller porosity), at relatively lower values depended on granulation – unlike these which reached higher values of the coefficients, independent of the granulation, obtained at an analogous granulation but lesser cvompaction. The investigations demonstrated that all tested composites satisfied the requirements of water permeability standards, however the limit permissible value was satisfied by even the most compacted composite with the highest content of silt loam.
EN
Physical and water properties of silt loam from the area of planned football field were tested and compared with analogous properties of several composites made in laboratory conditions from the collected material with a dominant sand share. The research was conducted in a view of silt loam and its composites usefulness for constructing a carrying layer of football fields. Water permeability of silt loam and composites, as well as retention abilities were tested. The created composites met the water permeability requirements specified by DIN 18035 standard for constructing carrying layer of football fields. On the other hand, silt loam without sand admixture did not meet the requirements, but revealed a high retention capacity and water availability to plants. Among the composites the best retention capacity characterised the mixtures with the biggest content of silt loam, but the best water availability was registered in composites with medium content of silt loam from the football field area. The obtained results may be useful for more precise determination of the standards for grain size distribution of the composites used for constructing the carrying layer of a football field.
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