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1

DEROGATORY FORCE AND THE OFFENSIVENESS OF SLURS

100%

Liu C.

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nr 3

626 – 649

EN

Slurs are both derogatory and offensive, and they are said to exhibit “derogatory force” and “offensiveness.” Almost all theories of slurs, except the truth-conditional content theory and the invocational content theory conflate these two features and use “derogatory force” and “offensiveness” interchangeably. This paper defends and explains the distinction between slurs’ derogatory force and offensiveness by fulfilling three goals. First, it distinguishes between slurs’ being derogatory and their being offensive with four arguments. For instance, ‘Monday’, a slur in the Bostonian argot, is used to secretly derogate African Americans without causing offense. Secondly, this paper points out that many theories of slurs run into problems because they conflate derogatory force with offensiveness. For example, the prohibition theory’s account of offensiveness in terms of prohibitions struggles to explain why ‘Monday’ is derogatory when it is not a prohibited word in English. Third, this paper offers a new explanation of this distinction from the perspective of a speech act theory of slurs; derogatory force is different from offensiveness because they arise from two different kinds of speech acts that slurs are used to perform, i.e., the illocutionary act of derogation and the perlocutionary act of offending. This new explanation avoids the problems faced by other theories.

2

Wavelet-Hilbert transform based bidirectional least squares grey transform and modified binary grey wolf optimization for the identification of epileptic EEGs

51%

Liu C. , Chen W. , Zhang T.

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tom Vol. 43, no. 2

442--462

EN

Wavelet based seizure detection is an importance topic for epilepsy diagnosis via electroencephalogram (EEG), but its performance is closely related to the choice of wavelet bases. To overcome this issue, a fusion method of wavelet packet transformation (WPT), Hilbert transform based bidirectional least squares grey transform (HTBiLSGT), modified binary grey wolf optimization (MBGWO) and fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor (FKNN) was proposed. The HTBiLSGTwas first proposed to model the envelope change of a signal, then WPT based HTBiLSGT was developed for EEG feature extraction by performing HTBiLSGT for each subband of each wavelet level. To select discriminative features, MBGWO was further put forward and employed to conduct feature selection, and the selected features were finally fed into FKNN for classification. The Bonn and CHB-MIT EEG datasets were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Experimental results indicate the proposed WPT based HTBiLSGT, MBGWO and FKNN can respectively lead to the highest accuracies of 100% and 98.60 ± 1.35% for the ternary and quinary classification cases of Bonn dataset, it also results in the overall accuracy of 99.48 ± 0.61 for the CHB-MIT dataset, and the proposal is proven to be insensitive to the choice of wavelet bases.

3

A Technical analysis of Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku – From a Karate and Chinese martial arts perspective as it affected Kano Jigoro

51%

Liu C. , Jung K. , Shishida F.

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nr 1

1-10

EN

Background. There is frequent communication and a complex relationship between the martial arts in Eastern Asia, in particular between China and Japan. Nowadays Chinese martial arts are facing the issue of globalization following the wave of Chinese modernization. These authors believe is important to understand the core of martial arts through historical and comparative studies of the time before martial arts spread overseas. In fact, Kano Jigoro referred to Karate in his book Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku written in 1924 as well to a set of movements or physical exercises that are now part of Judo. Karate has a close relationships with Chinese martial arts. Based on the analysis in this study, Kano must have known of the relationship between Karate and Chinese martial arts. What is more, Kano had direct contact with Chinese martial arts when he went to China and saw them being practiced. He even said that Chinese martial arts were similar to the Japanese martial art of Jujutsu. Based on these facts, this study will use Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku as a clue to analyze the connection between Kano Jigoro and Chinese martial arts. Aims and objectives. To reveal the connections between Kano Jigoro and Chinese martial arts through Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku, the study has to solve the following problems: 1. What kind of relationship do Karate and Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku have? 2. Did Kano consider the relationship of Karate to Chinese martial arts when he created Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku? 3. What kind of martial arts did Kano see when he went to China in 1902? Do similarities exist in the techniques or any other aspects of Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku and the Chinese martial arts that Kano saw in China. Method. This is historical research combined with a phenomenological and technical approach. The study analyzes the technique of Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku, and compares it with Karate and Chinese martial arts. The study also discovers what connections existed between Kano and Chinese martial arts based on related documents and materials. Results. The Tandoku movement and Karate do have a close relationship. Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku, as a kind of kata of Judo, has striking techniques that used to be seen in Karate. It should also be borne in mind that Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku was created two years after Gichin Funakoshi started spreading Karate to the Japanese mainland. Kano should also have known this history when he created Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku. Kano was more likely referring to Shuaijiao when he said he was excited to find the Chinese martial arts were similar to Jujutsu. Furthermore, Shuaijiao shares similarities with Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku in both techniques and training methods.

PL

Tło. Między sztukami walki w Azji Wschodniej, szczególnie w Chinach i Japonii, istnieją złożone relacje i cechy wspólne. Obecnie chińskie sztuki walki stoją w obliczu problemu globalizacji pod falą modernizacji Chin. Autorzy uważają, że ważne jest, aby zrozumieć istotę sztuk walki poprzez badania historyczne i porównawcze zanim sztuki walki rozprzestrzenią się w innych krajach. W rzeczywistości książka Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin Taliku, napisana przez Jigoro Kano w 1924 roku, wspominała o karate a także zawierała zestaw ruchów i ćwiczeń fizycznych, które są obecnie częścią judo. Karate ma bliskie relacje z chińskimi sztukami walki. Na podstawie analizy w tym badaniu można stwierdzić, iż Kano widział związek karate i chińskich sztuk walki. Co więcej, Kano miał bezpośredni kontakt z chińskimi sztukami walki, kiedy udał się do Chin i miał okazję obserwować je osobiście. Stwierdził nawet, że chińskie sztuki walki są podobne do japońskiej sztuki walki jujutsu. Na podstawie wskazanych faktów, to badanie korzysta z Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku jako wskazówki do analizy związku Jigoro Kano z chińskimi sztukami walki. Problem i cel. Aby przedstawić związek Jigoro Kano z chińskimi sztukami walki poprzez Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku, w badaniu pozostawiono do analizy następujące problemy: (1) Jaki jest związek między karate a Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku? (2) Czy Kano rozważał związek karate i chińskiej sztuki walki, kiedy tworzył Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku? (3) Jakie sztuki walki Kano zobaczył, gdy udał się do Chin w 1902 roku? (4) Czy istnieją podobieństwa w technikach lub innych elementach Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku i chińskich sztukach walki, które Kano widział w Chinach? Metoda. Jest to badanie historyczne o podejściu fenomenologicznym i technicznym. W badaniu zanalizowano technikę Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku oraz porównano ją z karate i chińskimi sztukami walki. Badanie dotyczy także koneksji, które istniały między Kano a chińskimi sztukami walki w oparciu o odpowiednie dokumenty i materiały. Wyniki. Ruch Tandoku i karate mają bliskie relacje. Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku, to rodzaj kata w judo. Zawierają one techniki ciosów, które były widoczne w karate. Należy także wziąć pod uwagę fakt, że Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku został stworzony w dwa lata później, po tym jak Gichin Funakoshi zaczął rozpowszechniać karate na głównych wyspach Japonii. Kano powinien był znać historię, gdy tworzył Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku. Kano częściej odnosił się do shuaijiao, kiedy odkrył podobieństwo chińskich sztuk walki do jujutsu. Natomiast shuaijiao łączy wiele podobieństw z Seiryokuzen’yo Kokumin taiiku w zakresie techniki i metod szkolenia. Wnioski. (1) Ruch Tandoku ma ścisły związek z karate i technikami Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku. (2) Kano prawdopodobnie znał historię karate, kiedy tworzył Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku. (3) Kano częściej odnosił się do shuaijiao, gdy w 1902 mówił o podobieństwach chińskich sztuk walki i jujutsu. 4) W shuaijiao występują pewne podobieństwa do Seiryoku zen’yo Kokumin taiiku - nie tylko jeśli chodzi o technikę, ale także metody szkolenia.

4

Attention mechanism-based deep denoiser for desert seismic random noise suppression

51%

Lin H. , Liu C. , Wang S. , Ye W.

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tom Vol. 71, no. 6

2781--2793

EN

Seismic data collected from desert areas contain a large amount of low-frequency random noise with similar waveforms to the effective signals. The complex noise characteristics make it difficult to effectively identify and recover seismic signals, which will adversely affect subsequent seismic data processing and imaging. In order to recover the complex seismic events from low-frequency random noise, we propose an attention mechanism guided deep convolutional autoencoder network (ADCAE) to assign different importance to different features at different spatial position. In ADCAE, an attention module (AM) is connected to the deep convolutional autoencoder network (DCAE) with soft-thresholded symmetric skip connection that helps to enhance the ability of feature extraction. By combining the global features of the input data and the output local features of DCAE, AM generates an attention weight matrix, which assigns different weights to the features associated with the seismic events and random noise during the training process. In this way, AM can guide the update of the target gradient, thus retains the complex structure of the seismic events in the denoised results and improves the training efficiency of the model. The ADCAE is applied to the synthetic data and field seismic data, and denoised results show that ADCAE has achieved satisfactory denoising performance in signals recovery and low-frequency random noise suppression at the low signal-to-noise ratio.