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Naddunajska grupa kultury przeworskiej w świetle analizy materiałów archeologicznych

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Olędzki M. , Instytut Archeologii U. Ł.

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tom 20

EN

A considerable part of the materials of the Macromannic-Quadian culture circle, dated to the second century AD, can be unquestionably linked with the Przeworsk culture. Finds of Przeworsk character (Fig. 2) occur mainly in Moravia and in lesser numbers in southwestern Slovakia and north-eastern Austria (Fig. 1). Their presence in the areas in question has so far been interpreted (cf. footnote 1) as a result of far-flung intertribal exchange or as an effect of local (Marcomannic-Quadian) production inspired by Przeworsk models. According to this author, such interpretation is contradicted by the character and kind of the artifacts in question. Most of them (pottery, fibulae, spurs or parts of belts) are distinguished neither by the material they were made of nor by their esthetic qualities and thus they do not have attributes usually linked with „imports”. This concerns primarily pottery which is average and by its very nature not transportable. Moreover, the Przeworsk finds occuring in graves (cf. cataloque) form definite sets which are peculiar to the Przeworsk culture alone. From all this it seems reasonable to infer that the occurrence of the above mentioned artifacts on the Middle Danube could not have taken place without the participation of the „Przeworsk” human factor. Accordingly, the presence in the area in question of a considerable group of newcomers from beyond the Sudeten-Carpathian Mountains should be taken into account. The earliest Przeworsk materials discovered on the Middle Danube indicate that the newcomers appeared in the first two decades of the 2nd century AD, and stayed in their new homeland et least to the end of that century. Moreover, it should be noted that the earliest phase of the Danubian settlement of the Przeworsk culture (developed phase B2 - about 110/120-150/160 AD) is far better documented by archaeological materials that the later phase (phase Bj/C, about 150/160-200/210 AD). The latter is distinctly on the wane, this being doubtless due to the Marcomannic wars (166-180 AD), within the orbit of which the areas in question were located. An attempt is made to answer the question: which area of the Przeworsk culture could the human groups that settlet on the Middle Danube have come from? The survey of the categories of finds (eg fibulae - Figs. 3-5, parts of belts, spurs etc.) point fairly clearly to the western and central areas of the Przeworsk culture, and more precisely to the basins of the Upper Odra and Upper Warta as the starting point of the hypothetical migration.

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Fibule z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Wólce Domaniowskiej koło Radomia

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Olędzki M. , Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych U. Ł.

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1997

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tom 21

EN

The fibulas found at the cemetery in Wólka Domaniowska make a large and highly diversified collection. It consists of 29 specimens (together with the ones preserved in fragments) belonging to 15 different types. The fibulas type M according to J. Kostrzewski are the most numerous and the oldest in the set. 11 specimens of these fibulas were found in 10 graves (Tabl. 1-4, 6-12). As it was revealed during the latest research by T. Dąbrowska, these forms should be dated back from the phase A2/A3 to A3 of the Younger pre-Roman period. The interesting fibula Írom the grave 57 (Tabl. I, 13) dates back to the transitory period from the Early pre-Roman to the Younger Roman period (the phase Aj/B,). The fibula can be classified as the type 0 according to Kostrzewski and it probably comes from the Marcomanic Bohemia. The fibula type A.67 (Tabl. I, 14) uncovered in the grave 106 presumably comes from the same territory as the above-mentioned one. This type, numerously appearing in the Roman Danubian provinces, are the basic determinant of the absolute chronology of the beginning of the Roman influences (phase B,J in the territory of the Central Europe Barbaricum. The exemplar unconvered in the grave 12, and known as the type A.68 (Tabl. II, 1) is a form developed from the type A.67. However it should be recognized as a local product (the Przeworsk culture craft). Two similar trumpet fibulas (the type 1 according to T. Liana) being a typical product of the Przeworsk culture workshops were found in the grave 22 (Tabl. II, 2) and 66 (Tabl. II, 3). They date back to the end of the phase B,. The fragment of the so called eye-shaped fibula (Tabl. II, 8) from the grave 54 is no earlier than from the subphase Bu. A large number of the fibulas (specimens) in the cemetery, such as the type: A.148 (Tabl. II, 9), A.38-39 (Tabl. II, 4-5) and the so called Leonów type (Tabl. II, 6) are representants of the fully-developed phase B2. The fibula deriving from the strongly profiled fibulas (Tabl. II, 4) found in the grave 40 is typologically younger. However its coexistence with the type A.38-39 which is precisely dated make us to accept the fact that it was contemporary with the latter. The interesting bronze fibula, being a Roman provincional import, was found in the cemetery (Tabl. II, 11). It is classified as a plated, enamelled exemplar of the group A according to S. Thomas, which she dates from the end of the 2nd to the beginning of the 3rd century AD. The Polish territory got this type of fibulas from the South, i.e. from the Roman Danubian provinces but they provenance may indicate some further lands situated at the Lower Rhine. Many enamel workshops are proved to have existed there. The exemplar type A.162 found in the rich cinerary grave 101 (Tabl. II, 13) is the youngest among the fibulas uncovered in the cemetery. The specimens of this type, i.e. having a cross-bow construction of their springs are well known from the Wielbark and the Čemjachov cultures territory, as well as, from the Lower Elbe. On the other hand they are scarcely found on the Przeworsk culture terrain, and if so, their chronology is limited to the beginning of the Late Roman period.

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Grób podwójny z cmentarzyska Piaski, gm. Kleszczów, woj. piotrkowskie, a niektóre zagadnienia obrządku pogrzebowego kultury przeworskiej

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Olędzki M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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1984

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tom 5

EN

The article contains a presentation of the burial from Przeworsk-culture cemetery of Piaski near Bełchatów, which is interesting due to its form. The burial in question was richly equipped with objects, which for their most part can be easily dated (Tabl. III, IV, V, VI). They were submitted to careful typological and chronological analysis the result of which was presented in Table I. The burial equipment was fully of the so called male- -sex indicator character while the analysis of bone material would rather point that a woman and a man were buried in it. Such a situation is know from other Przeworsk-culture cemeteries in which similar burials containing fragments of both men and women were discovered. Many scholars would account for it as a form of offering from the life of widows for their diseased husbands. In turn, burials containings remains of adults and children were supposed to testify to offerings of children for their parents. The author, analyzing extensive data sources provided by burials from Przeworsk-culture cemeteries analyzed anthropologically (Tab. II), tries to prove that genesis of collective burials including double burials as the discussed grave at Piaski should not be sought in human offerings. An argument in this case may be among others, the type of eqipment having characteristics of the archeological sex indicator. Oftentime in burials with remains of women and men the equipment in its character points exclusively that a woman was buried there. That is also confirmed by the burial from. It was also discovered that in graves of adults and children the equipment is not connected with an adult at all. These and other arguments, such as e.g. differentiated combination of sexes and age of persons buried in collective graves (Tabl. III) make it necessary to seek for other causes than human offerings which led to development of collective burials.

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Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego w Kucowie, gm. Kleszczów, woj. Piotrków Tryb. (stan. 7 )

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Olędzki M. , Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.

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tom 7

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Maroboduus Romanorum una hostis et amicus

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Olędzki M.

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tom 12

39-47

PL

Postać Marboda ze wszystkich znanych nam władców swebskich jest najlepiej zarysowana przez historiografię, jemu też poświęcono współcześnie największą liczbę opracowań. Za młodu Marbod przebywał w Rzymie, gdzie zaskarbił sobie łaski i protekcję samego Augusta. Około roku 8 p.n.e. Rzymianie pomogli mu objąć panowanie nad Markomanami i Kwadami i zapewne wtedy odgrywał on rolę władcy klientelnego względem Cesarstwa . Wkrótce jednak zaczął samodzielne rządy, podbił lub zhołdował większość plemion środkowoeuropejskich, np . Lugiów (Lugiorum nomen), Gotów (?), Longobardów i Semnonów, i z ich pomocą stworzył potężne imperium sięgające od środkowego Dunaju po ujście Łaby i wybrzeże Bałtyku. To doprowadziło do rychłego konfliktu z Rzymem. Punkt kulminacyjny stanowił rok 6 n.e., kiedy Rzymianie podjęli kroki w celu zniszczenia marbodowego władztwa. Uratowały Marboda niepowodzenia Rzymian na innych frontach: np . pannońsko-iliryjskim, a w szczególności klęska Warusa w Lesie Teutoburskim (rok 9). Pomimo to ów moment wyznacza zarazem początek końca markomańskiego króla, który traci dotychczasową charyzmę na rzecz Arminiusza, okrzykniętego „oswobodzicielem” świata germańskiego. Do konfrontacji z tym ostatnim dochodzi w roku 17 n .e ., w wyniku czego Marbod ponosi porażkę i całkowicie traci polityczne znaczenie . Na domiar złego atakuje go i pozbawia tronu zbuntowany arystokrata markomański – Katualda. Finałem kariery niegdyś potężnego władcy jest ofiarowany mu przez Rzymian azyl w Rawennie, w której – jak mówi Tacyt – dożywa sędziwego wieku.

EN

Of all Suebian rulers known to us, the figure of Marbod has been best described by historiography and it is to him that the greatest number of works have been devoted . Marbod stayed in Rome in his youth and it was there that he won friendship, favours and protection from Augustus himself . About the year 8 B .C . Romans helped him to gain power and rule over Marcomanii and Quadi . It was probably at that time that he performed the role of the client ruler in the face of the Empire . However, he began to rule independently soon after that . He conquered the majority of middle European tribes and made them pay tribute to him . Those tribes, for example the Lugii (Lugiorum nomen), Goths, Longobardii and Semnones helped Marbod to create a powerful empire spreading from the middle Danube to the mouth of Elbe and to the coast of the Baltic sea . This fact led to the rapid conflict with Rome, the culminating point of which was the year 6th A .D . when Romans took steps in order to annihilate Marbod’s rule and power . Marbod was saved by the failures of the Romans in other frontlines; for instance in Pannonia, Illiria and, especially, by defeat of Varus in the Teutoburg Forest (year 9) . However, that moment marks also the beginning of the end of the Marcomanian king losing his hitherto charisma in favour of Arminius, proclaimed “liberator” of the germanic world . The confrontation with the latter took place in the year 17 A .D . and it resulted in the defeat of Marbod who completely lost his political significance . To make matters worse, he was attacked and deprived of the throne by a rebellious Marcomanian aristocrat – Catualda . The ending of the career of the once powerful ruler was, offered to him by Romans, the asylum in Ravenna, where, as Tacitus said, he (Marbod) lived to the old age .

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MODELS OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE PRZEWORSK CULTURE WARRIORS IN THE BZURA RIVER BASIN. THE ROMAN AND EARLY MIGRATION PERIODS

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Olędzki M. , Tyszler L.

Študijné zvesti

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2017

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nr 62

149 - 169

EN

The aim of the study is to analyse the weapons excavated on the 63 sites; and also to reconstruct the models of weaponry used by the Przeworsk culture warriors in the river Bzura basin. The obtained results will be used to notice the changes of choices in using the specified types of offensive and defensive armament during the consecutive phases of the Roman Period up to the Early Migration Period

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Profil tematyczny periodyku „Eastern Review” (1997–2001) i sylwetka jego założyciela i redaktora Profesora Jerzego Kmiecińskiego

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Klonowski M. , Olędzki M. , Łódzki U.

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Inkrustowane miecze rzymskie z Barbaricum i obszarów przylimesowych Imperium Romanum. Wybrane zagadnienia

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Horbacz T. J. , Olędzki M.

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1992

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tom 17

EN

Authors discuss the group of swords of Roman origin the blade of which were inlaid with bronze, copper or brass with symbols understood exclusively in the context or religious and cultural changes of Imperium Romanum. The majority of these findings come from Barbaricum (Fig. 1). The set of motifs inlaid on blade is relatively poor and is limited to three groups of symbols (Fig. 6-8). The first one includes figural representations of Roman Gods connected with fighting, victory, purification and reversal of Evil (Mars, Victoria, Minerva). In the second group there are signa militaria in literal meaning (the eagle - the sign of the legion which is accompanied by emblems of smaller organizational units of the legion), the third group consists of images being the symbols of triumph (ornamenta/insignia/triumphalia): laurel wreath and palm of victory. The palmette of Piaski (Fig. 6, 6 b) being the stylized motif of the palm of victory and in such a shape as it is met on shields of Roman legionaries was included among the third group. The stylistics of inlaid works indicates on two lines of plastic solution of the symbol: realistic and schematic convention. In case of figural representation (Mars, Victoria) we face here "static" and "dynamic" canon of the presentation of the figure. The "static" canon is clearly related to realistic convention while the "dynamic" canon to the schematic one.

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Kronika: Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Kmieciński, 8 października 1927 – 5 grudnia 2022

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Olędzki M. , Klonowski M.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2023

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tom 71

362-365