Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Organic recycling of municipal waste: composting or methane digestion - pros and cons

100%

Rosik-Dulewska C.

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tom T. 21, z. 4

57-72

EN

Increasing problems related to disposal and utilization of the organic waste, also this separated from municipal waste contribute to a clear interest in various methods for its handling. The EU Directive on waste disposal was issued in April 1999 (a corresponding Polish resolution in 2003) that enforces a gradual reduction of organic waste content to approximately 10% in 2015 both in the Member States Countries. This requirement sets up appropriate strategic actions aimed at selection and disposal of the organic fraction of municipal waste. Application of combined mechanical and biological methods of waste processing in medium-sized regional waste processing plants may serve as an effective altemative aiming at the reduction of waste volume and its safe landfilling. As the experiences of the countries highly advanced in application of innovative solutions in waste management show, implementation of the presently used conventional methods for waste recycling and utilization will be maintained also in the future, with some of the technologies becoming subject to improvements and thus gaining advances in the technical level of solutions in individual methods. Beside the principal objective of reducing the volume of municipal waste disposed at the landfills and the need for its utilization, recycling of organic waste (also this separated from municipal waste) should have its economic aspect since any activity in this area will sooner or later be subject to evaluation using economic criteria. Generally both methods are considered effective on condition they are operated appropriately and bring specific measurable effects. Especial biological methods of biowaste processing: composting and digestion have already got a recognised position in waste management. The proposed composting technologies for organic waste allow producing compost of high-quality and a wide spectrum of applications. Application of technologies for anaerobic digestion of organic matter in bioreactors under specific conditions has become more and more common enabling production of biogas with a potential to be used for energetic purposes and a residue of fertilizing properties. Both methods represent specific advantages and disadvantages. Selection of a composting or digestion alternative depends on a number of criteria and first of all on local, area-specific conditions that should be taken account of when developing plans addressing organic waste problems.

PL

Narastające problemy z unieszkodliwianiem i wykorzystaniem odpadów organicznych, także tych wydzielonych z odpadów komunalnych, są przyczyną widocznego zainteresowania różnymi formami postępowania. W kwietniu 1999 r. wydana została Dyrektywa UE (rozporządzenie w Polsce od 2003 r.) nt. składowania, która wymusza na krajach członkowskich UE stopniowe redukowanie zawartości frakcji organicznej w składowanych odpadach. Wymóg ten określa odpowiednie działania strategiczne zmierzające do wydzielenia i unieszkodliwienia frakcji organicznej odpadów komunalnych. Zastosowanie mechaniczno-biologicznych metod przerobu odpadów mieszanych może stanowić efektywną opcję ich przekształcania w celu redukcji objętości i bezpiecznego składowania, szczególnie w przypadku średniej wielkości zakładów regionalnych. Jak wskazują doświadczenia krajów zaawansowanych w stosowaniu nowoczesnych rozwiązań w gospodarowaniu odpadami, jeszcze przez wiele lat będą wprowadzane obecnie stosowane podstawowe metody odzysku i unieszkodliwiania odpadów, natomiast doskonalone będą tylko wybrane technologie. Recykling odpadów organicznych (także tych wydzielonych z odpadów komunalnych), oprócz zasadniczego celu, jakim jest zmniejszenie ilości odpadów komunalnych deponowanych na składowiskach oraz potrzeby ich wykorzystania, musi uwzględniać również swój aspekt ekonomiczny, ponieważ każde działanie w tym zakresie wcześniej czy później będzie podlegało ocenie poprzez kryterium ekonomiczne. Generalnie uważa się, że każdy ze sposobów jest dobry, o ile prowadzony jest prawidłowo i przynosi określone, wymierne efekty. Szczególnie biologiczne metody przetwarzania odpadów organicznych, tj. kompostowanie i fermentacja posiadają już określoną pozycję w gospodarce odpadami. Proponowane technologie kompostowania wydzielonej frakcji organicznej pozwalają na uzyskanie kompostu wysokiej jakości i o szerokim zakresie stosowania. Coraz częściej stosuje się także technologie beztlenowego rozkładu substancji organicznej w bioreaktorach, których produktami są: biogaz z możliwością energetycznego wykorzystania oraz pozostałość o właściwościach nawozowych. Obie metody mają określone zalety i wady. Wybór wariantu kompostowania lub fermentacji zależy od szeregu kryteriów, a przede wszystkim od specyficznych uwarunkowań lokalnych, które należy wziąć pod uwagę przy planowaniu rozwiązania problemu odpadów organicznych.

2

Wykorzystanie kompostów z odpadów komunalnych i sorbentów handlowych do degradacji zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych

63%

Ciesielczuk T. , Rosik-Dulewska C.

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2013

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tom Tom 15, cz. 1

766--779

EN

Most of used mineral and organic sorbents are hazardous waste and, therefore, in accordance with actual law regulations must be converted thermally or deposited in the special landfill for hazardous waste. Up to now both methods are expensive and burning methods are still watch as a controversial method . The optimal solution would be sorption materials that could be used repeatedly, without the need for costly and cumbersome lanfilling. Sorbents, which due to their properties could be used repeatedly, are MSW composts generated from mixed or only organic municipal waste. In this study we have investigated the rate of degradation of motor oil on MSW waste composts from two different technologies. Comparison of degradation efficiency, was calculated in comparison to the commercial sorbents. As sorbents were used organic (Peatsorb) and mineral (EcoDryPlus) materials which are in common use and available on the market. Both commercial sorbents were different in case of pH value and amount of biogenic elements and organic matter. Composts used in experiment also were characterized with high EC value, what could be a factor of microbial activity inhibition. During the experiment the total amount of standard diesel oil available on every petrol station and individual n-alkanes with carbon chain length from C8 to C19 was determinate. For comparison additionally was determined content of C20 and C21 n-alkanes. During the experiment, there were observed more intensive oil degradation processes on waste composts in comparison to commercial sorbents. Microflora which use n-alkanes as a carbon source, ensured quick (noted after 22 days of the experiment), reduction of the amount of hydrocarbons contamination in the samples, and thus the possibility of re-use of compost as a sorbent. The observed rapid degradation process, indicates the direction of the recovery of compost waste, used previously as a sorbent for the removal of petroleum contaminants (diesel oil). Undoubtedly, this is a cheaper way than the thermal incineration or storage.

3

Ocena jakości wody zbiornika Włodzienin w pierwszym roku funkcjonowania

51%

Wiatkowski M. , Rosik-Dulewska C. , Kuczewski K. , Kasperek R.

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tom Tom 15, cz. 3

2666--2682

EN

This paper presents water quality assessment of the Włodzienin water reservoir in the river Troja in the first period of its operation. We analyzed the quality of the water supply (Troja river and Lewicki brook) and the outflow from the reservoir as well as the quality of stored water in the reservoir. Presented results of water quality tests were performed on the dates: November 2007, January, March, July and August 2008. The tests were aimed at determining: NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, PO43-, BOD5, water pH, electrolytic conductivity, water temperature and total suspension . In addition, at the test points by the dam the measurements were performed of: water transparency (Secchi disk visibility), dissolved oxygen, and once the chlorophyll „a” was marked in July 2008. The study of water quality showed that the water flowing into the reservoir and the outflow, due to the presence of nitrate, BOD5 and total suspension, was classified into surface waters that exceed water quality class II. In addition, the tested water from the reservoir Włodzienin was considered as eutrophic water due to the presence of nitrates, and it was found that the water is not sensitive to nitrogen compounds from agricultural sources. During the study it was found that the water reservoir was subjected to thermal stratification. The abrupt changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen has been reported and they were increasing with the water depth. According to studies the quality of the water passing through the Włodzienin water reservoir improves, and it especially regards to the content of nitrates and phosphates. The reduction of the: BOD5, electrolytic conductivity, water temperature, and total suspension has been observed. Currently, Włodzienin reservoir is on the first stage of reservoir operation, that is destroying river and land complexes. In order to make better observation and characteristics of the next steps of the reservoir operation, the study of water quality and ecosystem of the reservoir should be continued.

4

The influence of red worms (E. Foetida) on compost’s fertilizing properties

51%

Rosik-Dulewska C. , Ciesielczuk T. , Karwaczyńska U. , Gabriel H.

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tom Vol. 15, nr 2

67--72

EN

Composting is becoming a more and more common way of biodegradable waste disposal. Composts should be characterized by high content of nutrients and low amount of pollutants. Vermicompost is a compost produced by overpopulated culture of earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny 1826). World scientific literature states that vermicompost has a high fertilizing value which often exceeds such value of conventional composts. The results showed that vermicompost has a much higher fertilizing value than the compost produced by the traditional pile method. However, prism vermicompost created with the participation of a less concentrated population of earthworms has an intermediate value as a fertilizer (nitrogen and heavy metals), it could be assessed as a lower value product due to the lower content of potassium and phosphorus than the material obtained without earthworms.

5

The Influence of Biomass Ash on the Migration of Heavy Metals in the Flooded Soil Profile : Model Experiment

51%

Ciesielczuk T. , Rosik-Dulewska C. , Kochanowska K.

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tom Vol. 40, no. 4

3--15

EN

Soils that have been exposed to flood waters can be heavily polluted by inorganic and organic compounds. They are mainly compounds which appear in dissolved or suspended form flowing together with heavily laden floodwater, as well as compounds created as a result of reactions in the soil profile, mostly due to anaerobic transformation of organic matter. Heavy metals brought with flood waters are absorbed by the soil and also washed out from flood sediments by precipitation when the flood recedes. This paper presents the results of research on the effects of fertilization with ash from incineration or pyrolysis of biomass on the migration process of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Mn) in the arable layer of soil. It has been shown that the metals in the flood sediment migrate actively in the soil profile what leads to the enrichment of the soils, also in the case of the soil fertilization with biomass ash.

PL

Gleby, które były narażone na oddziaływanie wód powodziowych w znacznym stopniu mogą być zanieczyszczane związkami nieorganicznymi i organicznymi. Są to przede wszystkim te związki, które są nanoszone w formach rozpuszczonych lub zawieszonych wraz z napływającą silnie obciążoną wodą powodziową, jak i związki powstające w obrębie profilu glebowego, na drodze beztlenowych przemian materii organicznej. Me- tale ciężkie nanoszone wraz z wodami powodziowymi są sorbowane przez glebę, a także wymywane z nanosów powodziowych przez opady atmosferyczne po ustąpieniu zjawiska powodzi. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wpływem nawożenia popiołem z termicznego przekształcania biomasy na migrację metali ciężkich (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Mn) w warstwie ornej gleb. Wykazano, iż metale pierwotnie zawarte w „nanosie” powodziowym migrują aktywnie w profilu gleby przyczyniając się do wzbogacenia badanych gleb, także w przypadku zastosowania nawożenia popiołem.