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The harbor of Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt was a major transit point in the long-distance trade of luxury commodities between the Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean Basin. The heyday of the commerce and the prosperity of the port lasted from the 1st to the mid-2nd century AD. A huge quantity of commodities passed through the port, imported not only for the purpose of exchange, but also for self-consumption. Glassware was among them. The high proportion of wares of high quality and exceptional esthetic value is quite extraordinary, even by modern standards. These wares highlight the position of Berenike in the trade, but they also showcase the city’s wealth and the great demand for luxury glass that existed there in the first centuries of the Roman Empire
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Essay celebrating the 60th anniversary of the Research Centre in Cairo, founding branch of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, founded by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski in 1959.
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Content available Islamic glass from area U (2012–2013)
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Excavations by a PCMA team from the University of Warsaw in area U of the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria in 2012–2013 yielded a fair number of glass fragments. The assemblage comprised two distinct chronological groups: early Roman to late Roman/early Byzantine and Islamic-period glass. It consisted of plain, ordinary tableware, often made of very poor quality glass, undoubtedly of local, Alexandrian production, as well as luxury vessels, decorated in various techniques, representing imports, probably from Syria.
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The glass material from PCMA excavations at the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria in the 2012 and 2013 seasons consisted mainly of a late Roman/early Byzantine assemblage, mostly yellowish-green blown glass characterized by a homogeneity of the fabric, a limited variety of vessel types and simple workmanship, all indicative of a local glasshouse most likely operating at the site. Fragments of early and late Roman mosaic glass were also an important element of the set. Excavations in area U (sub-area US) also yielded a handful of late Hellenistic/early Roman glasses: various types of cast bowls seldom previously reported from Kom el-Dikka, a linear-cut bowl, monochrome patella, and colorless bowl with broad rim and overhung edge. The assemblage coming from area G (basement of the late Roman baths) comprised late Roman free-blown, utilitarian wares representing a limited range of forms. Also found in this area was cast glass of the late Hellenistic/early Roman period: mosaic glass and a grooved bowl, the latter recorded for the first time at Kom el-Dikka.
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Excavations in 2018 of the central part of the Kom el‑Dikka site in Alexandria (Area FW) produced a collection of glass finds representing two broadly defined chronological horizons. The set from an early Roman house in the lower layers of the sector is representative of the early and mid‑Roman period (1st–3rd centuries AD) and is significant in that it broadens the known repertoire of vessels forms from the site in general. Examination of the context has also provided further firm archaeological evidence of gold-in-glass bead manufacture at the site. The upper layers, associated with an extensive dumping of ashes from the nearby late antique bath and waste from the working of a complex of lime kilns situated in this area, yielded material typical of late Roman/early Byzantine glasses (4th–6th century AD) already known from the site and comprising mainly simple free-blown utilitarian wares with limited ornamentation.
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New glass finds from the Kom el-Dikka site in Alexandria come from the excavation of Area FW located in the central part of the site. The bulk of the recorded material, made up of conical lamps, beakers and bowls, and poorly fashioned bottles, belongs to the late Roman period (4th–5th century AD). The uniformity in colour, distinctive low quality of the fabric and simple workmanship, all point to a common origin in local workshops covering the needs of the local market. A few pieces, including luxury cast and facet-cut tableware, apparently from a non-local source, represent the late Hellenistic/mid-Roman chronological horizon (2nd century BC–3rd century AD). Meriting note is new evidence of mosaic glass, once again confirming that this type of glass was manufactured in Alexandria in the mid-Roman period. The importance of this assemblage derives from the presence of early Roman luxury tableware which has seldom been observed before at Kom el-Dikka.
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The PCMA expedition to Kom el-Dikka conducted fieldwork between March and July 2016, filling out the usual multiple-task agenda encompassing both conservation projects and archaeological excavation. The program of work was conditioned to a large extent by the pending completion of the first stage of the Kom el-Dikka Site Presentation Project (southern zone of the site). Top priority was given to preservation work, supplemented with limited excavation in the early Islamic necropolis. A vast collection of finds including coins, plasterwork, glass artifacts of different age (from Ptolemaic to early Islamic) originating from previous seasons of fieldwork continued to be documented and studied by a group of specialists. The appendix brings a brief report on the glass finds from area CV, stratigraphically from the level of the Lower Necropolis, but chronologically from the late Roman/early Byzantine period (5th–6th century AD).
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