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Effect of Using Different Types of Well Water in Karbala Governorate on Soil and Plant

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Mohammed R. J. , Hameed I. A. , Thamer T. Y.

tom Vol. 23, iss. 3

202--207

This study was conducted in order to assess the water quality of 12 wells for irrigation purposes in Karbala Governorate, central Iraq. Well water samples scattered throughout the governorate were collected and analyzed chemically and physically. And by comparing the results with the Iraqi determinants of irrigation water, as the values of pH, positive ions (K+, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2) and negative ions (Cl-, SO4-2, HCO3-) are within the above determinants for all wells, as for electrical conductivity (EC) It is within the determinants of all wells, and dissolved salts (TDS) are higher than the determinants of all wells. According to the American Salinity Laboratory, 5 wells are classified as C4S1, 5 wells are classified as C4S2, one well is classified as C4S3, and one well is classified as C3S1, meaning that most of the well water had a high sodium content. By comparing the classification of the Food and Agriculture Organization, it was found that most of the wells were highly saline and all wells had very soluble salts, except for some of them are medium. Therefore, from what was presented in the study of well water, solutions and ways must be found to improve the use of this water for irrigation purposes by reducing the sodium and salinity values for this water.

Study of the Variations in the Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Heavy Sand Minerals in the Hilla River Sediments

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Hameed I. A. , Rahman H. A. J. A. , Anmar A.

tom Vol. 24, nr 7

318--330

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the Hilla River sediments on the heterogeneity of the distribution of heavy sand minerals for the fine and very fine sand classes as well as for the surface and subsurface layers. The results showed that the heavy sand minerals that were determined according to the specific gravity of each mineral and the specific gravity of the particles of minerals identified in the soils under study ranged between (2.5–4.5) and were divided into four groups in terms of the specific gravity. The first group included each of the minerals (Mica and Chlorite) of low specific gravity, while the second group contains (Pyroxene, Amphibole, Epidote Group). The third group includes minerals (Tourmaline and Garnet, Staurolite and Kyanite) and the two groups are classified as minerals of medium-specific gravity; in turn, the fourth group contains minerals of high specific gravity, namely (Zircon, Rutile and Opaques). As a result, the most important factors affecting the sedimentation, sorting and sedimentation processes are the conveyor’s speed, load capacity, the size of the separation particles and their specific gravity. The complete mismatch of the horizontal distribution of the minerals of one group is due to the varying ranges of the specific gravity of the minerals within the general range of specific gravity.