Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Proces redukcji i kres istnienia Armii Republiki Serbskiej w Bośni (1995–2006)

100%

Wybranowski D.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

|

2012

|

nr 3

89-105

EN

The main aim of the study is an attempt to answer the question why the Army of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS) being under the command of general Ratko Mladic since 1992, was resolved, both formally and intrinsically in the period between 1996/1997 and 2005. After the war about 80,000 soldiers of the Army of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia were gradually reduced and disarmed. The main reasons for such actions were the fears of the West, the UN High Representatives and then the European Union concerning a possibility of a new conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as an attempt to unify all ethnic armies (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian) in one body. Other important factors included the reduction of officers corps in 1997–1999, arresting some officers and soldiers with the charges of war crimes and sending them to Hague to face International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. At the same time the processes of disarmament (mostly referring to armoured, mechanized and artillery forces) and demobilization of the Bosnian Serbs were rigorously implemented under the Western supervision. The Muslim Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Army of Bosnian Croats were noticeably limited but for the NATO and the West key priority was to weaken the potential of the Army of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia as it constituted an important element of the autonomy of the Republic of Serbia. In the crucial period of 2004–2005, the implemented changes resulted with a complete loss of the importance of the Army of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia. The process of reduction, disarmament and other forms of personal and armament limitation of the Army of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia under the NATO, the EUFOR and the UN High Representative initiatives considerably accelerated. All corps of the Army of the Serbian Republic in Bosnia and ethnic units in Bosnia and Herzegovina – the troops of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian and Croats) were eliminated. On the 1th of January the Army of the Bosnian Serbs was formally resolved and became a part of the united Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina with about 2,000–3,000 soldiers.

PL

Jednym z głównych celów badawczych niniejszego studium jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób Armia Republiki Serbskiej w Bośni (Vojska Republike Srpske, VRS) dowodzona od 1992 roku przez generała Ratko Mladicia stopniowo w latach 1996/1997–2005 przestawała formalnie i faktycznie istnieć. VRS licząca tuż po wojnie nieco ponad 80 tysięcy żołnierzy zaczęła być stopniowo redukowana i rozbrajana. Jednym z głównych powodów była obawa Zachodu i Wysokich Przedstawicieli ONZ, a następnie Unii Europejskiej przed wybuchem nowego konfliktu w Bośni i Hercegowinie, a poza tym chęć unifikacji wszystkich armii etnicznych – bośniackiej, chorwackiej i serbskiej w jednolitą armię. Ważnym etapem była kwestia znaczącej redukcji korpusu oficerskiego w latach 1997–1999 i aresztowania części oficerów i żołnierzy pod zarzutem zbrodni wojennych i odsyłania ich do Hagi przed oblicze Trybunału ds. Zbrodni Wojennych w byłej Jugosławii (ICTY). Trwał także w międzyczasie rygorystycznie wdrażany i przeprowadzany pod nadzorem zachodnim proces redukcji uzbrojenia (zwłaszcza ciężkiego, w tym pancernego, zmechanizowanego i artyleryjskiego) oraz stanu liczebnego armii Serbów bośniackich. Widocznemu ograniczeniu uległ także stan muzułmańskiej Armii Republiki Bośni i Hercegowiny (ARBiH) i armii bośniackich Chorwatów (HVO), choć dla NATO i Zachodu priorytetem było osłabienie potencjału VRS jako elementu znaczącej autonomii Republiki Serbskiej. Najbardziej decydującym dla dalszego istnienia VRS okresu stały się lata 2004– –2005, bo wtedy na skutek przeprowadzanych zmian można mówić o całkowitym spadku jej znaczenia. Z inicjatywy dowództwa NATO, EUFOR-u i Wysokiego Przedstawiciela UE proces redukcji i rozbrajania oraz innych form zmniejszania stanu liczebnego i uzbrojenia uległ znacznemu przyspieszeniu. Likwidacji uległy wtedy wszystkie istniejące dotąd korpusy VRS oraz jednostki etniczne istniejące do tej pory w Bośni i Hercegowinie – Wojska Federacji BiH (bośniacko-chorwackie) i VRS. Z dniem 1 stycznia armia Serbów bośniackich formalnie przestawała istnieć, stając się częścią utworzonych jednolitych Sił Zbrojnych Bośni i Hercegowiny (OSBiH) w liczbie tylko około 2–3 tysięcy żołnierzy.

2

Udział jednostek cudzoziemskich Waffen-SS i Wehrmachtu w działaniach wojennych na Pomorzu Zachodnim w pierwszych miesiącach 1945 roku. Część II

100%

Wybranowski D.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

|

2015

|

nr 1

91-124

EN

The present article is the second part of the description of the battles and activities of the Waffen-SS foreign units in West Pomerania (German: Provinz Pommern), and includes the period from February 21st, 1945 to the end of April, 1945. At the beginning the author discusses the battles between the Red Army and the rest of the 11th Voluntary Armoured SS Division ‘Nordland’, the 23rd Voluntary Armoured Grenadiers’ SS Division ‘Nederland’, the 27th Voluntary Armoured Grenadiers’ Division ‘Langemarck’, and the 28th Voluntary Armoured Grenadiers’ Division ‘Wallonien’ along the river Ina for the town of Chociwel (German: Freienwalde) and for various other towns situated between the Stargard Land and the Maszewo Land (among other things, Lisewo / Voßberg, Warchlino / Groß Wachlin, Dzwonowo / Schönebeck). The description has been completed with the battles of the 10th Armoured Waffen-SS Division ‘Frundsberg’ (in its majority composed of ethnic Germans) in Nowogard (German: Naugard) and its surroundings and in Goleniów (German: Gollnow), as well as the battles near Drawno (German: Neuwedel). However, the main question of the article is the analysis of the participation of the 11th Division ‘Nordland’ and the 28th Waffen-SS Division ‘Wallonien (or rather what was left of it) and the rest of other Waffen-SS foreign units in the battles fought near Gryfino (German: Greifenhagen), on the edge of the Puszcza Bukowa (English: Beech Forest; German: Buchheider Forst), and in the present-day right-bank districts of Szczecin (among other things, Szczecin-Wielgowo / Augustwalde, Płonia / Buchholz, etc.), in the direction of Dąbie Lake (German: Dammschersee). The most fierce battles were fought by the SS foreign units (together with other units) on March 12th to March 20th, 1945 in defence of Szczecin-Zdroje (German: Finkenwalde), Szczecin-Klęskowo (German: Hökendorf) and – first of all – in the one-week defence of Szczecin-Dąbie (German: Altdamm). At the end of the article there is a description of the battles waged by the rest of foreign units on the outskirts of Szczecin in April, 1945 (inter alia, near Moczyły / Schillersdorf and Kurów / Curow), and a description of the further activities of those units, in the defence of Berlin and their final surrender, as well as a description of the fate of particular units and individual soldiers.

3

Udział jednostek cudzoziemskich Waffen-SS i Wehrmachtu w działaniach wojennych na Pomorzu Zachodnim w pierwszych miesiącach 1945 roku. Część I.

100%

Wybranowski D.

Przegląd Zachodniopomorski

|

2014

|

nr 4

69-123

EN

The article presents the units that participated in the fights in Western Pomerania (German: Provinz Pommern) in January and February 1945: the 6th foreign Waffen-SS Division (the 11th Voluntary Armoured SS Division Nordland, the 15th Grenadiers’ Division Lettland, the 23rd Voluntary Armoured Grenadiers’ SS Division Nederland, the 27th Voluntary Armoured Grenadiers’ Division Langemarck, the 28th Voluntary Armoured Grenadiers’ Division Wallonien, the 33rd Grenadiers’ SS Division Charlemagne) and anti-Stalinist units of the 1st Division of the Russian Liberation Army (ROA), which was part of the so-called Własow Army. At the beginning there is a presentation of the genesis of the armed forces of the SS composed of West-European volunteers (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Frenchmen, Belgian Walloons and Flemings), the profiles of some of their leaders, the structure of the forces and the sites of some earlier battles (especially during the period of 1943–1944) against a wider background of the Pomeranian operations of the Red Army and the units of the 1st Polish Army. Later there is a presentation of the military situation at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945 and the effects of the January offensive of the Red Army, as well as the circumstances of how the foreign units of the Waffen-SS reached Western Pomerania and how they were reconstructed (the 15th SS Division Lettland) and their initial battle operations. The first chapters depict the battle operations of the units of the 15th Latvian SS Division Lettland on the ‘Pomeranian Embankment’ and later near Kamień Pomorski, and the fate of the units after the defeat in Western Pomerania. One of the episodes described in detail is the war crimes against the Polish soldiers who had been taken captive at the beginning of February 1945 in the village of Podgaje (German: Flederborn) committed by either Latvian SS-men or the Dutch ones from the Division Nederland. The first chapters also depict the battles fought by the 33rd French SS Division Charlemagne on its combat trail from Szczecinek (German: Neusttetin) to Białogard on the Parsęta River (German: Belgard) and Karlino (German: Körlin), and in defence of the Twierdza Kołobrzeg (German: Festung Kolberg; English: Kolberg Stronghold). In the background there are other military operations in Pomerania, among other things the defeat of the 10th SS Army Corps or the battles in retreat between Dziwnów (German: Dievenow) and Trzęsacz (German: Haff). These descriptions have been supplemented with the presentation of the battles fought by the units of the 1st Division of the ROA (S.K. Bunjaczenko was its commander but it was subordinated to Wehrmacht) along the Oder, including – among other things – groups of tank destroyers at Gozdowice (German: Güstebiese) and South of Szczecin, as well as on the combat trail of the Własow Army from Brandenburg, through Lusatia (Polish: Łużyce), to Czechoslovakia, where the Army finally ceased to exist. A significant part of the article deals in detail with the battles of three Waffen-SS foreign Divisions (which were included in the 3rd Germanic Armoured Corps of the 11th Armoured SS Army commanded by Felix Steiner) and the 28th SS Division Wallonien commanded by Léon Degrelle, which participated in the big German offensive operation called Sonnewende between Stargard (German: Stargard), Choszczno (German: Arnswalde) and Drawsko Pomorskie (German: Dramburg) against the 1st Belorussian Front commanded by Marshal G. Żukow; the operation took place from the 15th to the 21st of February, 1945.

4

Geneza i uwarunkowania procesu przekształcenia na przełomie lat 60. i 70. XX wieku wspólnoty muzułmanów z Bośni w Muzułmanów - „konstytucyjny naród” Jugosławii

100%

Wybranowski D.

Przegląd Zachodni

|

2014

|

nr 4(353)

73-99

EN

The focus of the article is to describe the processes and causes that led to the emergence among the Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina of an awareness of their distinction from Serbs and Croats, and of the reasons for the creation in mid-20th century a separate “constitutive nation” out of them in Tito’s Yugoslavia, officially called Muslims (Muslimani). At the beginning of the 19th century, during Turkish domination and later after Bosnia and Herzegovina passed under Austro-Hungarian occupation, a part of the native adherents of Islam cherished a sense of cultural and religious individuality. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries certian Croat and Serbian national activists treated Muslim Bosniaks as “Croats” or “Serbs” who only differed in terms of religious faith, and so tried to win them for their national-political projects, whereas the previously “Turkish” and then “Austrian” area of Bosnia was to be politically and administratively divided. In the interwar period and the time of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the SHS Kingdom), later Yugoslavia, the Bosnian adherents of Islam (especially those of the upper classes) saw themselves either as “Islamized Croats” or “Islamized Serbs”, or “Serbs and Croats of Muslim religion”. During the Second World War a substantial part of Bosniaks and their elites for various reasons declared to be “Muslim Croats” and supported political collaboration with the Ustaše regime and the totalitarian government of Ante Pavelić in the Independent State of Croatia. After 1945 when the communists and Josip Broz Tito seized power, the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina was recreated in the borders of 1878 as part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Official recognition of a new “constitutive nation” of Muslims took place in the years 1968- 1974.

5

Geneza i uwarunkowania procesu przekształcania na przełomie lat 60. i 70. XX wieku wspólnoty muzułmanów z Bośniw Muzułmanów - „konstytucyjny naród” Jugosławii

100%

Wybranowski D.

Przegląd Zachodni

|

2014

|

nr 4(353)

73-99

EN

The focus of the article is to describe the processes and causes that led to the emergence among the Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina of an awareness of their distinction from Serbs and Croats, and of the reasons for the creation in mid-20th century a separate “constitutive nation” out of them in Tito’s Yugoslavia, officially called Muslims (Muslimani). At the beginning of the 19th century, during Turkish domination and later after Bosnia and Herzegovina passed under Austro- Hungarian occupation, a part of the native adherents of Islam cherished a sense of cultural and religious individuality. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries certian Croat and Serbian national activists treated Muslim Bosniaks as “Croats” or “Serbs” who only differed in terms of religious faith, and so tried to win them for their national -political projects, whereas the previously “Turkish” and then “Austrian” area of Bosnia was to be politically and administratively divided. In the interwar period and the time of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the SHS Kingdom), later Yugoslavia, the Bosnian adherents of Islam (especially those of the upper classes) saw themselves either as “Islamized Croats” or “Islamized Serbs” or “Serbs and Croats of Muslim religion”. During the Second World War a substantial part of Bosniaks and their elites for various reasons declared to be “Muslim Croats” and supported political collaboration with the Ustaše regime and the totalitarian government of Ante Pavelić in the Independent State of Croatia. After 1945 when the communists and Josip Broz Tito seized power, the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina was recreated in the borders of 1878 as part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Official recognition of a new “constitutive nation” of Muslims took place in the years 1968- 1974.

6

Tomasz Andrzej Tupalski, Fundamentalizm islamski w Egipcie XIX i XX wieku

75%

Wybranowski D.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

|

2013

|

nr 1

103-109