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1
Content available remote Oftalmotoksyczność leków oraz suplementy diety na wzrok
100%
Optyka
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2018
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tom Nr 3
50--52
PL
Bezpieczeństwo leków rozpatruje się na wielu płaszczyznach. Mówimy o szkodliwym wpływie na układ krwiotwórczy, o gastrotoksyczności leków lub niekorzystnym wpływie na sercowo-naczyniowy. Po macoszemu jednak jest traktowany temat oftalmotoksyczności leków, choć lista leków uszkadzających wzrok jest całkiem spora.
2
Content available remote The Domain of Pitch in Music
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EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the physical and psycho-physiological mechanisms that contribute to transformation of the unidimensional sensation pitch into the important medium where most significant elements of music-communication code could develop. It is argued that pitch in music should not be regarded as a simple, unidimensional sensation, but it should be seen as a complex auditory system (PITCH DOMAIN) of four sensations, two in the subdomain of PITCH VALUE (natural pitch and categorized pitch or a system of pitch classes) and two in the subdomain PITCH DISTANCE (natural pitch distance and a system of musical intervals). In such a multidimensional structure pitch is particularly suited to overcoming the limitations of memory. Another part of analysis concerns the role of short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) operating in relation with various forms of pitch. In particular, an important role of STM for natural pitch is emphasized, in maintaining the stability and coherence of any musical performance. In the remaining parts of this paper the analysis concerns specific forms of the auditory memory that contribute to the sensation of pitch distance, and problems of psychological scaling of pitch.
3
Content available remote Absolute pitch: Common traits in music and language
63%
EN
Absolute pitch in music means an ability of long-term auditory memory to store pitch standards corresponding to within-octave musical pitch classes, based on a generally recognized reference pitch. Such an ability, extremely rare among Western musicians, appears much more commonly among musicians of Asiatic countries. Hypothetically, it is due to either the special forms and early beginnings of musical education (Japan), or to a sort of "preconditioning" of the pitch-memory system in infants and very young children, to treat pitch value as a meaningful element of speech communication (countries with tone languages). Similarities and differences between absolute pitch in music and the memory for pitch value in tone languages will be discussed in detail.
4
Content available Absolute Pitch and Its Frequency Range
63%
EN
This paper has two distinct parts. Section 1 includes general discussion of the phenomenon of “absolute pitch” (AP), and presentation of various concepts concerning definitions of “full”, “partial” and “pseudo” AP. Sections 2–4 include presentation of the experiment concerning frequency range in which absolute pitch appears, and discussion of the experimental results. The experiment was performed with participation of 9 AP experts selected from the population of 250 music students as best scoring in the pitch-naming piano-tone screening tests. Each subject had to recognize chromas of 108 pure tones representing the chromatic musical scale of nine octaves from E0 to D#9. The series of 108 tones was presented to each subject 60 times in random order, diotically, with loudness level about 65 phon. Percentage of correct recognitions (PC) for each tone was computed. The frequency range for the existence of absolute pitch in pure tones, perceived by sensitive AP possessors stretches usually over 5 octaves from about 130.6 Hz (C3) to about 3.951 Hz (B7). However, it was noted that in a single case, the upper boundary of AP was 9.397 Hz (D9). The split-halves method was applied to estimate the reliability of the obtained results.
5
Content available remote Experiments on long-term and short-term memory for pitch in musicians
63%
EN
A series of experiments on the memory for pitch was performed with 18 musicians. They had to pass a pitch-naming and a newly-designed pitch-producing test meant to check their passive and active absolute-pitch ability. On that ground two of them, who revealed faultless, full absolute pitch and one who had most typical relative (non-absolute) pitch, were selected to take part in a case-study-type experiment on short-term memory for pitch. The experiment partly confirmed the previous finding (RAKOWSKI, [5]) of the about 2-minute time range for short-term pitch memory in relative-pitch listeners. It also explained cases in which absolute pitch possessors, when required to repeat after short-term delay an external pitch standard, either use for that purpose their authentic short-term memory for pitch, or rather relay on comparisons with their absolute-pitch standards.
EN
This article covers general description of DLP systems and some software implementations dedicated to Windows operating system. Also possible channels of loss of sensitive data were mentioned and described. Authors discuss their own experiment of creating simple data loss prevention system. Created system called PXX is made up of Linux's kernel loadable module for 2.6 family and root space daemon. The aim was to determine possibility of implementation of universal Linux-based business DLP solution.
PL
W pracy omówiono ogólnie ideę systemów DLP i kilku wybranych realizacji programowych dedykowanych platformie Windows. W artykule opisano także możliwe kanały wycieku informacji wrażliwej oraz przedstawiono autorską próbę utworzenia prostego systemu zapobiegania przed utratą danych. Utworzony system o nazwie PXX jest aplikacją złożoną z modułu jądra dla systemu Linux rodziny 2.6 oraz daemonem pracującym w przestrzeni administratora. Celem pracy jest określenie możliwości realizacji seryjnego i biznesowego rozwiązania rodziny DLP dla systemu Linux.
EN
Absolute pitch is a unique feature of the auditory memory which makes it possible for its possessors to recognize the musical name (chroma) of a tone. Six musicians with absolute pitch, selected from a group of 250 music students as best scoring in musical pitch-naming tests, identified the chroma of residue pitch produced by harmonic complex tones with several lower partials removed (residual sounds). The data show that the percentage of correct chroma recognitions decreases as the lowest physically existent harmonic in the spectrum is moved higher. According to our underlying hypothesis the percentage of correct chroma recognitions corresponds to the pitch strength of the investigated tones. The present results are compared with pitch strength values derived in an experiment reported by Houtsma and Smurzynski (1990) for tones same as those used in this study but investigated with the use of a different method which consisted in identification of musical intervals between two successive tones. For sounds comprising only harmonics of very high order the new method yields a very low pitch recognition level of about 20% while identification of musical intervals remains stable at a level of about 60%.
8
51%
EN
Sounds of selected percussion instruments played in individual training sessions of students-percussion players were recorded and analysed. In statistical signal analysis the "impulsiveness" in terms of L max - L eq and in terms of kurtosis, as an alternative measure were determined. Signal recording and spectral analysis were performed in the frequency range up to 96 kHz.
9
Content available remote High freqency hearing loss in percusion players
51%
EN
In a number of reports it has been observed that a prolonged exposure to music at sound pressure levels exceeding 1OOdB leads to substantial temporary threshold shifts TTS2, reaching 60-80dB in the range of high frequencies. Cumulative effects of such exposures result in acoustic trauma, affecting the perception of pitch, loudness and time, accompanying the decrease of hearing sensitivity. The hearing threshold in percussion players is affected largely at high frequencies, where substantial decrease of sensitivity between 10 and 16kHz reaching 40 to 75dB has been observed. In the present report a number of hearing thresholds in percussion players and in control group consisting of musicians who have never played percussion instruments or were long exposed to their sounds have been analysed with reference to thein- exposure characteristics.
10
Content available remote Resting hearing thresholds in children aged 7-10 years
51%
EN
Resting hearing thresholds were measured in 107 children in 7-10 years of age category, from primary schools in Warsaw. The children were recruited regardless of the priority of these in which problems with hearing acuity were observed or these in which such problems might have been expected on the grounds of their children-illness history. The measurements were performed with the use of tonal audiometry with intermittent 250/250ms signal, in the range of frequencies from 100Hz to 16kHz. In the children with deeper hearing loss, both air and bone conduction procedures were used. In the tested group normal hearing within š10dB was found in only 13% of the children. In the rest of the group hearing loss of various nature was found, i.e.: wideband hearing loss (8%), high frequency (24%), selective V-dip type (36%), low frequency (54%) and deep hearing loss of various configurations (16%). In the fraction with low frequency hearing loss often conductive hearing loss was found, whilst in the case of high frequency hearing loss, bone conduction audiometry indicated sensorineural type of hearing loss. High frequency hearing loss, selective and low frequency hearing loss in excess of 20dB was found in 25% of the children tested. In the fraction with deep hearing loss in 25% of the children tested, hearing loss of approximately 40dB was found.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono czynniki wpływające na skuteczność działania promieniowania UVC w eliminacji skażeń bakteriologicznych z powierzchni skorup jaj spożywczych. Związane są one z charakterystyką fal elektromagnetycznych, do jakich zalicza się promieniowanie UVC, jak również z właściwościami oraz parametrami technicznymi promienników. Tylko odpowiednia wzajemna relacja tych czynników może zapewnić wymagany poziom skuteczności rozpatrywanej metody dezynfekcji. Praca obejmuje opis przebiegu badań prototypowego urządzenia do naświetlania skorup jaj promieniowaniem UVC, ocenę jego skuteczności w zależności od zmieniających się parametrów fizycznych, tj. czasu naświetlania, natężenia promieniowania oraz dostarczonej dawki. Na podstawie badań określono optymalne parametry czynników decydujących o skuteczności promieniowania UVC w dezynfekcji skorup jaj spożywczych.
EN
Paper considered some factors affecting the efficiency of UVC radiation to elimination of bacterial contamination from the surface of edible egg shells. Factors are connected with the characteristics of electromagnetic waves, the UVC radiation inclusive, as well as with technical properties and parameters of the radiators. Only adequate interrelations among these factors may assure required efficiency level of considered disinfection method. Paper described investigation course of a prototype installation for exposure of the egg-shells to UVC radiation, evaluated its efficiency depending on variable physical parameters, such as the time of exposure, radiation intensity and supplied radiation dose. On the basis of investigation results the optimum parameters were determined for the factors decisive on effectiveness of UVC radiation applied to disinfecting the shells of edible eggs.
PL
Celem podjętych badań było określenie skuteczności fitoremediacji jako proekologicznej metody ograniczania poziomu dwutlenku węgla w powietrzu usuwanym z kurnika. Badania prowadzono w obiekcie doświadczalnym złożonym ze stanowiska z kurami nieśnymi i szklarni, zbudowanej nad kurnikiem, przez którą przepływało powietrze usuwane z pomieszczenia z ptakami. Badania porównawcze wykonano w 3 kolejnych miesiącach ze względu na zmieniające się warunki pogodowe. Analiza wstępnych wyników wykazała średnią redukcję CO2 o 10% w powietrzu po przejściu między roślinami, co pozwala rozważać metodę fitoremediacji jako proekologiczną alternatywę w oczyszczaniu powietrza usuwanego z budynków inwentarskich.
EN
The aim of undertaken examinations was to determine the effectiveness phytoremediation as the environment-friendly method of limiting ammonia in air removed from the henhouse. There were carrying out tests in the research facility consisting of the henhouse with broody chickens and the greenhouse built above the henhouse through which came polluted air. The benchmarking was carried out in 3 consecutive months for reason of changing weather conditions. Analysis of preliminary results demonstrated the average reduction of CO2 of about 10 % in air along the passage between plants what allows to consider the method of phytoremediation as the environmental alternative in purifying air removed from henhouses.
16
Content available remote Prośrodowiskowe metody wentylacji obiektów inwentarskich
51%
PL
Konieczność ochrony środowiska naturalnego jest potrzebą i wymogiem dotyczącym produkcji rolnej - szczególnie hodowli zwierząt. Dlatego zaprojektowano i podjęto badania nad systemami wentylacji grawitacyjnej w budynkach inwentarskich. Badania prowadzone są w ramach projektu badawczego Innowacyjna Gospodarka 2007-2013 i zakładają dalsze doskonalenie rozwiązań technicznych oraz kontrolę chemiczną uzyskanej masy roślinnej.
EN
The need for environmental protection is a necessity and requirement for agricultural production - especially for livestock breeding. For this reason, a respective research has been designed and undertaken on natural ventilation systems in livestock buildings. The research is conducted within the research project "Tnnovativc Economy 2007-2013", and assumes further improvement of technical solutions and chemical control of plant mass obtained.
PL
Celem podjętych badań było określenie skuteczności fitoremediacji, jako proekologicznej metody ograniczania amoniaku w powietrzu usuwanym z kurnika. Badania prowadzono w obiekcie doświadczalnym złożonym ze stanowiska z kurami nieśnymi i szklarni zbudowanej nad kurnikiem, przez którą przepływało zanieczyszczone powietrze. Badania porównawcze wykonano w 3 kolejnych miesiącach, ze względu na zmieniające się warunki pogodowe. Wstępne badania dały wyniki uzasadniające rozważenie metody fitoremediacji, jako ekologicznej alternatywy w oczyszczaniu powietrza usuwanego z budynków inwentarskich.
EN
The aim of undertaken examinations was to determine the effectiveness phyto-remediation as the environment-friendly method of limiting ammonia in air removed from the henhouse. There were carrying out research in the research facility consisting of the henhouse with broody chickens and the greenhouse built above the henhouse through which came polluted air. The benchmarking was carried out in 3 consecutive months on account of changing weather conditions. Preliminary examinations gave results allowing considering the method phyto-remediation as the environmental alternative in purifying air removed from henhouses. Plants in the greenhouse heated up mainly with the warm from the henhouse, enable the elimination of the considerable part of ammonia and they can be also an additional source of economic benefits (using green mass).
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań skuteczności usuwania skażeń bakteriologicznych z powierzchni skorup jaj spożywczych za pomocą promieniowania UVC. Badania prowadzone były w Zakładzie Technologii Drobiarskich IBMER w Poznaniu w 2009 r. Prowadzono je na jajach skażonych bakteriami Salmonella. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują wpływ wielu czynników fizycznych takich jak czas naświetlania, temperatura świetlówek na proces unieszkodliwiania bakterii. Wykazano również zależność natężenia UVC od temperatury i kierunku padania promieni. Stwierdzono znaczny spadek natężenia promieniowania w czasie spowodowany nagrzewaniem się świetlówek. Badania skuteczności prototypu weryfikowano badaniami mikrobiologicznymi. Istotny spadek liczebności bakterii uzyskano po wydłużeniu czasu przebywania jaj w komorze naświetlającej do 54 s.
EN
The results of investigations on efficiency of bacteriological contamination removal from the surface of edible eggs shells by UVC radiation, were presented in the paper. The research was carried out at the Poultry Technology Department, IBMER's Branch in Poznań. The object of investigation were eggs contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. Results showed the influence of some physical factors, such as radiation time, temperature of fluorescent ultraviolet lamps, on the process of overpowering bacteria. Also dependence of UVC intensity on the temperature and direction of rays incidence was stated. Considerable drop of irradiation intensity in time was observed as a result of initial fluorescence lamps heating up. The tests of prototype were verified by microbiological tests. Significant reduction of bacteria number was obtained by prolongation of staying the eggs into radiation chamber up to 54 sec.
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