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3 Acta Iuris Stetinensis

3 Wiktorzak A.

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Bankowy Tytuł Egzekucyjny

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Wiktorzak A.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

2011

nr 2

131 -149

A bank execution title is a legal instrument that enables banks to exact paymentsfrom their debtors without the necessity to take legal measures. The application scope of bank execution titles is first and foremost determined in the catalogue of bank transactionsreferred to in the articles 5(1) and 5(2) of the Banking Law. Based on the case lawby the Supreme Court and the specialist literature, it is possible to maintain that the bank execution title is actually a statutory bank privilege which enables banks to more easilyenforce their claims resulting from bank transactions being carried out. No liabilities ariseon the part of the bank resulting from the bank execution title. It is a mere declarationconcerning the bank’s existing entitlements it is going to send for execution. The bankexecution title has the legal validity of an official document solely within the scope of information contained therein which was determined based on the bank’s accounts. Thebank execution title does not have the force of the res iudicata, which enables the debtorto base the anti-enforcement proceedings on the events that had taken place before thebank execution title was issued. It also enables the debtor to initiate a court dispute oncethe liabilities have been exacted. Basically, an issued bank execution title has three functions. The first functionof the bank execution title is a statement by the bank that the claim covered by the titleis due, and that the debtor is obliged to satisfy the claim. The second function of thebank execution title is stating the fact that the debtor failed to satisfy his liability infavour of the bank of their own free will. The third function of the bank execution titleis the bank’s expression of their intention to collect the debts that are covered by the titleas a result of court execution proceedings.

Konsekwencje nowelizacji ustawy o księgach wieczystych i hipotece dla banków

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Wiktorzak A.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

2012

nr 3

63 - 81

The concept of a bank-registered mortgage has been shaped in banking practice, case-law and the legal doctrine, as economic activities cover mortgages established on the basis of bank documents certifying that a loan has been granted, without the mortgage being necessarily established in the form of a notarial act as required by the Civil Code. The bank-registered mortgage means a mortgage which has been recorded into land and mortgage registers on the basis of bank documents specified in Article 95 of Banking Law. However, the possibility of mortgage establishment on the basis of a bank document does not excludes the necessity for negotiating a security and for the parties’ concluding an appropriate agreement in this respect, the agreement being the cause of the mortgage establishment. The distinctive feature of the bank-registered mortgage is a bank’s entitlement to apply the simplified basis for recording the mortgage to the benefit of the bank. Thus, compared with other types of mortgages, the only difference is the basis for recording the mortgage into a land and mortgage register; unchanged remains the whole procedure for establishing this restricted property right, for which the registration is just one of the necessary conditions, (not sufficient though). Banks are particularly interested in securing bank loans with mortgages, as such a security ensures that in case of the borrower’s breach of the contract debt due will be entirely covered by money from the sale of the mortgaged property.

Ryzyko wynikające z umowy o utworzeniu konsorcjum bankowego

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Wiktorzak A.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

2013

nr 4

43 -64

Konsorcjum jest formą koncentracji kapitału, formą kooperacji przedsiębiorców oraz partycypacji w określonym przedsięwzięciu gospodarczym. Konsorcja bankowe są tworzone m.in. w celu udzielania kredytów przez banki w wysokości przekraczającej limit zaangażowania przypadający na jednego kredytobiorcę. Konsorcja bankowe mają za zadanie udostępnić środki finansowe, które pozwalają w efektywny sposób zaspokoić potrzeby klientów. Kluczową zasadą konsorcjum jest wspólne ponoszenie ryzyka, które jest związane ze wspólnym przedsięwzięciem. Oznacza to zarówno udział w wygospodarowanych zyskach jak również wspólne pokrywanie kosztów oraz ewentualnych strat. Tworzenie konsorcjum sprzyja mobilizacji kapitału jak również wykorzystania posiadanych zasobów materialnych oraz niematerialnych będących w posiadaniu poszczególnych konsorcjantów.

Bank syndicates make it possible to pool banks’ capitals in order to implement large-scale economic undertakings. In particular they are established in order that banks can grant loans in an amount exceeding the involvement limit per single borrower. Bank syndicates’ aim is providing access to funds to effectively fulfilcustomers’ needs. However, such bank activities pose a risk related to granted loans. Bank syndicates are also established to minimize credit risk, as it is safer to distribute risk related to financing a large economic project among a number of banks involved in the syndicate. To reduce credit risk, banks use securities, which can be provided in three manners. Securities may be established for a syndicate as a whole, and for the bank which manages and represents the whole syndicate, as well as for particular banks involved in the syndicate. However, one cannot overlook the fact that the borrower is also concerned by the risk arising from an agreement on establishment of a bank syndicate.