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PL
Ukazano zmiany zasad funkcjonowania programów wcześniejszych emerytur rolniczych we Francji oraz skalę obrotu gospodarstwami w ramach tych programów.
EN
One of the most important problem of Polish agriculture is the very fragmented agrarian structure. As the medium aimed to solve the problem, the instrument of early retirement pension scheme was introduced from the beginning of 2002. But the cursory observation show, that the system do not function properly. It cause, that the searches of foreign experiences in applying this instrument in practice are necessary to improve the Polish system. The country, in which early retirement pensions schemes fulfilled positive role in transformation of agrarian structure is France. The evolution of early retirement pension schemes in France in the 90-thies of XX century was analysed in the paper. The results show, that the mechanisms of the analysed instrument was changed four times in the observed period, what was the reason, that the instrument has changed from the agrarian structure measure sensu stricto to a instrument not vital farms elimination from agriculture, and medium of agricultural land transferring for not production purposes.
PL
Rozpoczęcie z początkiem 2007 roku kolejnego okresu planowania UE stanowi okoliczność sprzyjającą uruchomianiu nowych programów rozwojowych polityki rolnej. W Polsce instrumentem wykorzystywanym do kształtowania stosunków agrarnych są renty strukturalne. Założenia projektu aktu prawnego, udostępnionego w ramach PROW 2007-2013, stanowią w pracy kanwę rozważań do oceny rozwiązań użytych do transferu gospodarstw rolnych w omawianym środku polityki rolnej.
EN
Early retirement pensions scheme is one of the most important mean of agrarian structure shaping in Polish agriculture. In last time, in connection with new planning period of EU were elaborated new assumptions of early retirement pensions scheme for farmers for 2007-2013. It has caused a need to conduct an analyses of proposed mechanisms, especially defined aims of early retirement pensions scheme. The purpose of the paper is the assessment of the structural aims realization by the new mechanism of early retirement pensions scheme. The researches with using functional analyses method was conducted on the basis of Polish and Common legal acts concerning the early retirement pensions scheme. It is possible to conclude from the analyse, that the new scheme of early retirement pension, which ought to be adopted for 2007-2013, could decrease the possibility of structural purposes realization.
11
Content available remote Tożsamości wyznacznikowe i przykłady ich zastosowań
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PL
W pracy podano i udowodniono kilka mniej znanych tożsamości wyznacznikowych: Jacobiego, wyrażenia dla wyznacznika iloczynu macierzy, w tym wzór Bineta-Cauchy'ego , tożsamości Sylvestera i Schweinsa. Centralną rolę odgrywają różne warianty tożsamości Sylvestera. Przytoczono kilka przykładów jej zastosowań w analizie numerycznej. W niektórych dowodach korzysta się z dopełnienia Schura- pojęcia ostatnio szeroko badanego i stosowanego.
EN
Some rather unfamiliar determinantal identities are given and proved. These are: the Jacobi identity, expression for the determinant of a matrix product (including the Binet-Cauchy formuła), Sylvester's and Schweins's identities. Different versions of Sylvester's identity play here a crucial role. Some examples of its applications are mentioned. The proofs are based in part on the Schur complement.
EN
One of weaknesses of the Polish agriculture is its fragmented agrarian structure, determinated by economic (low level of economic development, high volume of labour resources), social and cultural factors, resulting in the low competitiveness of that national economy sector. Aiming at production resources concentration in agriculture the Polish Parliament has passed in 2001 an Act on early retirement pensions scheme in agriculture. By its virtue farmers were entitled to transfer their holdings in 2002-2004 to other farms in exchange for the early retirement pensions. The paper aims at evaluation of impact of the early retirement pensions scheme on agrarian restructurisation in the Polish agriculture. The analyses show that the scheme in question did not fulfill the intended aims and functions (structural and social). The direct reason of that were a defective implementation of its mechanisms and disregardingo the economic, social and cultural determinants of the scheme on its preparatory stage
PL
Artykuł ukazuje nasilenie partycypacji rolników w systemie rolniczych rent strukturalnych w Polsce w 2002 roku w układzie przestrzennym kraju.
EN
The researches were aimed to determinate early retirement pension scheme impact at agriculture in space set. The analyses were based on secondary data sources from Main Statistical Ojfice (GUS) and Agricultural Social Security Fund (KRUS). The analyses concern 2002 year. In the research were used the method of functional economic analyse. In regional set were calculated the potential, empowered, expected and real number of beneficiaries on the assumption, that the early retirement pensions are addressed mainly to farmers without successors. The number of expected beneficiaries was defined according to percentage of farms without young persons and personal configuration of families. The indexes ofproduct and result were calculated in the analyse (number and area of transferred farms). The executed analyses show the moderate impact the early pension scheme at agriculture. It is differentiated regionally. The discussed system amending ought to be directed to increase impact of it at agriculture, also restraining it restrictions.
EN
The professional skills and competence play very important role in effective farming in modern agriculture. The farmers can acquire these skills both, in the school education and in agricultural practice. The competences so acquired can be best controlled on the occasion of the agricultural land turnover The requirement of agricultural skills in Polish agriculture is in force, with different intensity, for many decades. However, the importance of that factor have increased significantly after the EU accession. It is concluded that there exist in the Polish agriculture two, quite different, vocational education models. It is advisable, therefore, to unify and adjust the Polish legal rules in force to standards of the common agricultural policy.
PL
Przedstawiono skalę występowania szachownicy gruntów w Polsce w przestrzennym i własnościowym układzie typologicznym województw.
EN
One of the worst phenomenon of Polish agriculture is the land fragmentation, which negatively affect the rational management of the land as a factor of agricultural production, and rational organisation of the plant production. The paper present the land fragmentation in spatial and sector set, its frequency and scale of land fragmentation. The analyses were founded on the data from Main Statistical Office in Warsaw. It is possible to conclude from the researches that the greater frequency of land fragmentation is observed in the public sector of agriculture than in the private one. Very negative phenomenon observed in Poland is that the land fragmentation is overlapping on the so called agrarian fragmentation.
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