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PL
Innowacyjność traktowana jest jako jeden z czynników, który prowadzi do wzrostu gospodarczego oraz poprawy konkurencyjności. Miary innowacyjności ulegają ewolucji, wzrasta liczba czynników, które decydują o poziomie innowacyjności danego kraju. W opracowaniu przedstawiono poziom innowacyjności głównie krajów UE mierzony wskaźnikiem SII (Sumary Innovation Index), zwracając uwagę na metodologię obliczania tego wskaźniku.
EN
Innovation is regarded as one of the factors that leads to economic growth and competitiveness. Measures of innovation are evolutionary, increasing the number of factors which determine the level of innovation of the country. The paper presents the level of innovation mainly EU countries measured by the SII (Sumary Innovation Index) paying attention to the methodology for calculating this indicator.
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EN
In the EU countries small and medium-sized countries are growing faster and faster. Governments of particular countries, as well as the EU itself, pursue an appropriate policy toward this segment of enterprises, with one of its goals being improvement of the financial environment. The article discusses solutions such as preferential loans, development of a loan guarantee system, subsidies, venture capital, markets other than the stock exchange, extended payment periods. These are the major instruments emphasised by the EU in its MSE policies. Poland in its accession period should analyse the EU policies and take them into account in its directions of operations
EN
The article analyzes changes in the structure of gathering and expending financial resources on target funds. Surpluses or shortages of resources on those funds, besides reduced subsidies from the state budget, are a reflection of changes in the level of rents.
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LA
Wstęp do Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica nr. 163
PL
Opracowano na podstawie pracy magisterskiej W. Cyzowskiego napisanej pod kierunkiem doc. dr Z. Prochowskiego.
EN
The aim of the article is to show problems connected with satisfaction of housing needs of members of the Housing Cooperative "Bawełna" in the years 1981-1985 and, thus, at the time of housing crisis in Poland.
EN
The latest trends in state aid in integrating European Union was presented, giving a special attention to supporting of small and medium sized enterprises. Creating the Single internal Market in EU has brought the danger of unregulated enterprises supporting by members countries, which would be discordant with the idea of free economy. That is why European Commission has decided to implement single competition policy. It was strongly connected with the necessity of state aid regulation at EU level. Its foundations were included in Art. 87-88 of the Treaty Establishing The European Community. Starting with the Lisbon agenda in 2000, institutions of EU launched the process of reducing the general level of State aids and shifting the emphasis from supporting individual companies or sectors towards tackling horizontal objectives. One of these objectives is supporting of creation, development and growth of competitiveness of small and medium sized enterprises.
EN
The article presents the most frequent forms of internationalization that are observed among the SMEs and its effect on enterprises' competitiveness. In this area, attention is paid to the internal as well as external obstacles impeding internationalization.
19
Content available Ewolucja pomiaru innowacyjności w firmie
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EN
The aim of the paper is to indicate the significance of R&D in innovation process at company's level. It is achieved by studying the evolution of indicators measuring innovativeness. The authors propose set of indicators allowing to measure the influence of R&D on innovativeness of companies. The indicators include both outlays (input analysis) and their results (output analysis).
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