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tom 56
31-51
EN
The author discusses material signs of the birth of the city in Latium. First, there is a critical examination of the notion of 'proto-urbanisation' and the methods used by its partisans to determine the '(proto-)urban' character of Latial settlements of the Early Iron Age. Second, it is argued that the rise of urban communities in the region is signalled by the appearance during the 8th century of centres protected by powerful earthen ramparts, the aggeres, and vice versa - that every centre thus protected was originally an urban community.
EN
It is becoming more realistic in sport to experience and achieve certain qualities that create ‘the highest good’. One of the conditions of this transgression is to obey categorically the rules of fair play.This paper describes personal, social and educational determinants of moral values represented by young athletes. 212 young sportsmen were selected for purposes of this research. They were students from schools with religious and sports background.The results of the research show the relation between levels of morality of fair play in sport and preferred attitudes as well as educational and religious influence of teachers.Personality and temperamental gauges influence the declared moral convictions considerably: neurotics declare higher social morality than non-neurotics, also due to sport behaviours.
EN
Objective: To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients aroused from prolonged coma after a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) treated by physiotherapists trained in the ‘Academy of Life’ programme. It was assumed that physiotherapists who acquired this knowledge and experience would create a better therapeutic milieu, and would be more effective than physiotherapists who had not received this training. Material and methods: 40 patients who had suffered a severe TBI in a motor vehicle accident and had been aroused from prolonged coma were examined. All the patients underwent long-term rehabilitation according to a standard, phased programme. They were divided into two numerically even groups: an experimental group, treated by therapists trained in the ‘Academy of Life’ programme, and a control group, treated by physiotherapists who were not trained in this programme. The research instruments included an analysis of documentation, a structured clinical interview, and the Quality of Life Scale. Results: As hypothesized, the experimental group showed significant improvement in HRQOL, whereas in the control group improvement was statistically non-significant. Conclusions: The patients from the experimental group, treated by physiotherapists trained in the ‘Academy of Life’, obtained a significantly greater improvement in physical and social functioning, and thus in HRQOL, than patients from the control group.
EN
In 2011, a total of 977 samples of domestic crops were tested in the official control of pesticide residues carried out by the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute. The samples were taken randomly by the staff of Plant Health and Seed Inspection at production sites in the whole country. The monitoring programme covered 230 compounds and 38 products. 126 samples of fruit, 484 samples of vegetables, 346 samples of cereals and 21 samples belonging to other products groups were analysed. Residues of 43 compounds were detected in 21.7% of the samples. Violations of MRLs were found in 0.6% of analysed samples, while the unauthorised plant protection product use in 2.5% of samples tested. Pesticide residues were detected in 58.7% of fruit samples, 23.8% of vegetable samples and 4.9% of cereal samples and in 28.6% of other samples. They were found most often in samples of apples (60.5%), tomatoes (52.6%), sweet peppers (50.0%) and carrots (42.1%). Most of the residues detected in twenty five commodities were fungicides and insecticides, and their percentages from 335 findings were equal respectively to 63.9% and 32.5%. The most commonly found were residues of chlorothalonil in tomatoes (31.6%), chlorpyrifos in carrots (28.9%), prochloraz in mushrooms (26.1%), and dithiocarbamates in apples (25.4%), potatoes (24.2%) and tomatoes (21.1%).
PL
W ramach urzędowej kontroli pozostałości środków ochrony roślin (ś.o.r.) przeprowadzonej przez Instytut Ochrony Roślin – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w 2011 roku, zbadano 977 próbek krajowych płodów rolnych. Próbki były pobierane losowo przez pracowników Państwowej Ochrony Roślin i Nasiennictwa w miejscach produkcji, na obszarze całego kraju. Program badań obejmował 230 związków i 38 produktów. Zbadano 126 próbek owoców, 484 próbki warzyw, 346 próbek zbóż i 21 próbek płodów rolnych zakwalifikowanych do 6 innych grup produktów. Wykryto pozostałości 43 związków w 21,7% próbek. Przekroczenia najwyższych dopuszczalnych poziomów pozostałości (NDP) stwierdzono w 0,6% próbek, a stosowanie środków niedozwolonych w 2,5% próbek. Pozostałości ś.o.r. wykryto w 58,7% próbek owoców, 23,8% próbek warzyw, 4,9% próbek zbóż i 28,6% pozostałych próbek, najczęściej w próbkach jabłek (60,5%), pomidorów (52,6%), papryki (50,0%) oraz marchwi (42,1%). Większość pozostałości obecnych w dwudziestu pięciu produktach stanowiły pozostałości fungicydów i insektycydów, a ich procent, spośród 335 wykrytych, był równy odpowiednio 63,9% i 32,5%. Najpowszechniej występowały pozostałości chlorotalonilu w pomidorach (31,6%), chloropiryfosu w marchwi (28,9%), prochlorazu w pieczarkach (26,1%) oraz ditiokarbaminianów w jabłkach (25,4%), ziemniakach (24,2%) i pomidorach (21,1%).
EN
A total of 1 352 samples of fresh fruit, vegetables and arable crops of Polish origin were analysed in 2009 in five laboratories of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute. The monitoring programme covered 54 commodities and 132 pesticides including some isomers and breakdown products. Residues of 43 pesticides, mainly fungicides (24), were detected in 24.5% of samples analysed. Percentage of the samples without pesticide residues was equal to 75.5%. The residues lower than MRLs contained 23.1% of samples analysed. Violations of MRLs were found in 1.4% of the samples. The usage of not approved pesticides were stated in 3.3% of the samples analysed. Residues were detected in 43.3% of fruit samples especially in samples of raspberries (56.4%), apples (50.4%), sour cherries (48.5%), strawberries (44.8%), but the highest percentage of pesticide residues (66.7%) was found both in samples of greenhouse tomatoes and in the samples of celeriac. The samples of other products were less contaminated. Residues of dithiocarbamates were most often detected, in 13.4% of the samples. Four further pesticides captan, linuron, chloropiryfos and carbendazim were found in 8.7%, 5.1%, 4.1% and 4.1% of samples analysed respectively, while the other compounds in less than 2.6% of samples analysed.
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