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Przekształcenia dawnej cerkwi greckokatolickiej w Hannie w świetle badań architektonicznych i dendrochronologicznych

100%

Warchoł M.

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nr 1

79-104

PL

Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie wyników przeprowadzonych w 2018 r. badań architektonicznych kościoła pw. Świętych Apostołów Piotra i Pawła w Hannie, dawnej cerkwi greckokatolickiej. Z uwagi na brak jednoznacznie określonej chronologii świątyni, głównym celem badań było dokonanie rozwarstwienia chronologicznego poszczególnych części zabytku oraz jednoznaczne określenie czasu ich wzniesienia i zakresu ewentualnych przekształceń. W tym celu analizę architektoniczną obiektu uzupełniono o badania dendrochronologiczne drewna konstrukcji ścian i dachów, dające możliwość precyzyjnego określenia daty ścięcia drzew, z których zostały wzniesione poszczególne części cerkwi. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań i analiz ustalono, że świątynia wznoszona była w kilku fazach budowlanych od XVIII do XX stulecia. Pierwsza struktura cerkwi hanieńskiej wzniesiona została w latach 1739-1740, kolejne przekształcenia nastąpiły w 1747 r., kiedy dostawiono drewnianą kaplicę, oraz w latach 1764-1765, gdy cerkiew powiększono o część zachodnią mieszczącą babiniec wraz z przedsionkiem oraz nadbudowano z celu wyrównania korony zrębu ścian nowych i starych części. Cerkiew uzyskała wtedy kształt zbliżony do obecnego. W XIX w. dokonywano jedynie niezbędnych remontów, szczególnie w zakresie wieżyczek i przekrycia dachów i ścian, oraz przekształcano dobudówki przy sanktuarium, które ostateczną formę uzyskały dopiero w 1. połowie XX wieku.

EN

The purpose of the study is to report the results of architectural research conducted in 2018 in Saints Peter and Paul the Apostles Church in Hanna, a former Greek Catholic temple. Since a clear chronology of the temple is missing, the main purpose of the studies was to perform chronological stratification of the individual sections of the historic monument and to clearly date the erection of the temple and determine the scope of its transformations. For this purpose, the architectural analysis of the site was supplemented with dendrochronological studies of the wooden wall and roof structures with a view to precisely determining the time of sourcing the trees used for the construction of particular sections of the church. The performed studies and analysis showed that the temple had been erected over several construction phases from the 18th through the 20th century. The first structure of the Hanna church was built in the years 1739-1740; subsequent additions and transformations occurred in 1747 (a wooden chapel was added) and in the years 1764-1765 when the church was enlarged by the western part housing the women’s section and the vestibule; it was also extended upwards to level the top of the wall framework of the new and old parts. At that time, the church was given its present-day shape. In the 19th century, only necessary renovations were carried out, especially in the turrets, roofs and walls. Also, the annexes to the sanctuary were transformed, however, its current shape goes back to no earlier than the early 20th century.

2

ROZPOZNANIE STOPNIA ZACHOWANIA HISTORYCZNYCH WIĘŹB DACHOWYCH W ZABYTKACH SAKRALNYCH NA TERENIE MAZOWSZA

100%

Warchoł M.

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nr 2

49-63

EN

The years 2007-2008 witnessed the determination of the degree of the preservation of historical roof rafter framing in sacral monuments in Mazovia. The pertinent studies encompassed the historical borders of Mazovia from the second half of the sixteenth century, and all sacral buildings – brick and wooden churches, together with eventual monasteries and chapels, erected to the mid-nineteenth century. Such a chronological limit made it possible to become familiar with monuments that could contain preserved roof constructions and those most interesting from the scientific viewpoint. The prime objective of the conducted studies was to establish the number of preserved historical roof trusses and to collect basic data concerning the sort of extant constructions as well as the time of their origin. Each construction was accompanied by a basic description as well as photographic and drawn documentation. The investigations led to the recognition of 312 monuments, in which 523 rafter framings constructions were examined. Among the total of the monuments as many as 210 preserved 330 historical roof constructions were raised to the middle of the nineteenth century. A total of 102 monuments no longer contained historical roof framings, while the general number of the non-historical constructions amounted to 1 3. The conducted examinations made it possible to assess the presumed time of the erection of particular rafter framings. The largest number of the constructions was built in the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Within 330 historical constructions as many as 280 may originate from that period (eighteenth century – 1 8, nineteenth century – 132). The domination of trusses from the eighteenth and nineteenth century stems from the specificity of Mazovian architecture, with a distinct prevalence of buildings erected in the eighteenth century, as well as the considerable construction movement that took place in sacral architecture in the nineteenth century and resulted in an exchange of a large number of the original trusses into new constructions. Due to those reasons none of the constructions has been dated as fifteenth-century, and only nine framings are described an sixteenthcentury. A mere 1 constructions presumably originate from the seventeenth century. The conducted verification simultaneously entitles to present an initial typology of the roof rafter framings. The authors applied all the fundamental types of constructions, from the simplest rafter (3) and collar beam (27) to the more complicated king- -post (6 ), queen-post (12 ) and truss rafter (26). The three latter types were frequently linked in mixed king-post-queen-post (36) and truss rafter- -queen-post constructions ( 7). The inventories also include three dome constructions, based on expanded queen-post configurations with radially arranged truss rafters. The presented outcome of the distinction of the degree of the preservation of historical trusses in sacral monuments of Mazovian architecture make it feasible to propose an initial analysis of the types and chronological transformations of roof constructions in a relatively large part of the country. The documentation and data gathered in the course of the performed investigations facilitate the definition of the research material resources, aiming at a complete and detailed systematic of the roof constriction in Mazovia and the popularisation of knowledge about those extremely interesting elements, as a rule ignored by researchers.

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Historia przekształceń wieńcowego dworu w Koźniewie Wielkim od XVIII do końca XX wieku w świetle badań architektonicznych

63%

Warchoł M. , Zawałeń E.

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tom Nr 69

109--125

PL

Celem opracowania jest rekonstrukcja historii budowlanej i przekształceń drewnianego dworu w Koźniewie Wielkim na północnym Mazowszu, w oparciu o przeprowadzone w roku 2020 badania architektoniczne zabytku. W ich wyniku uzupełniono wiedzę o czasie budowy dworu i jego późniejszych przekształceniach oraz rozpoznano użyte techniki budowlane. W trakcie badań ustalono, że budynek dworu zbudowano około 1780 dla chorążego raciąskiego Antoniego Zielińskiego. Do chwili obecnej zachowana jest większość pierwotnej struktury budowlanej ścian, stropów i konstrukcji dachowej obiektu oraz jego charakterystyczna bryła nakryta wyniosłym dachem łamanym. W końcu XIX wieku dwór przebudowano dla warszawskiego kupca pochodzenia żydowskiego Dawida Buchwajtza. Wykonano wówczas facjaty w partii dachu oraz bogatą dekorację snycerską elewacji o stylistyce neobarokowej. Przeprowadzone badania dworu umożliwiły uzyskanie wielu cennych informacji o jednym z najciekawszych przykładów drewnianej, barokowej architektury dworskiej na Mazowszu.

EN

The objective of this paper is to present a reconstruction of the construction and transformation history of the manor house in Koźniewo Wielkie in northern Mazovia, based an architectural investigation of the building performed in 2020. As a result of this investigation, gaps in the knowledge about the period of the manor house’s construction and its later alterations were filled and the construction techniques used were identified. The investigation found that the manor house building was constructed around 1780 for Raciąż chorąży Antoni Zieliński. The majority of the original structure of the walls, ceilings and roof truss of the building survived, as did its distinctive massing, covered with an impressive combination roof. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the manor house was remodeled for Warsaw-based trader of Jewish descent, Dawid Buchwajtz. This period saw the construction of dormers in the roof and of rich woodwork décor in the facade in the Baroque Revival style. The investigation of the manor allowed for the procurement of valuable information about one of the most interesting specimens of wooden Baroque manorial architecture in Mazovia.