W artykule przedstawiono metodę ilościowej analizy metanolu w wyrobach alkoholowych metodą chromatografii gazowej z wykorzystaniem statycznej techniki headspace. Metoda ta umożliwia selektywne i precyzyjne oznaczanie metanolu w różnych wyrobach alkoholowych bez konieczności ich destylacji. Przeprowadzono analizy zawartości metanolu w 28 różnych napojach alkoholowych (m. in. w wódkach, brandy, whisky, rumie, ginie oraz winach).
EN
In this article a method for quantitative analysis of methanol in alcoholic beverages using gas chromatography with static headspace technique is described. This method enables the selective and precise determination of methanol in different types of alcoholic products without distillation. The analyses of methanol content in 28 different alcoholic beverages (vodkas, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, wines et al.) were performed.
The aim of the study was to examine chosen parameters of milk and blood taken from bitches suffering from mastitis and to evaluate the possibility of its use as an additional method in mastitis diagnosis. During the experiment 34 bitches of different breeds in postpartum lactation and during lactation connected with pseudopregnancy were used. Somatic cell count, pH and Cl levels were measured in the milk. Besides hematological examination, the concentration of haptoglobin was investigated in the blood. An elevation of somatic cells and increased levels of Cl were discovered in the milk from bitches suffering from mastitis. Furthermore the elevation of milk pH in the healthy pseudopregnant bitches and females with mastitis was determined. The inflammation of the mammary glands was connected with leukocytosis and elevated levels of haptoglobin in the blood.
Extrauterine pregnancy has been diagnosed in many species to date, but nevertheless it is a rare disorder. This disorder can occur as a tubal pregnancy or an abdominal pregnancy and can also develop as a primary or secondary form. In contrast to women, where the localization of an extrauterine pregnancy in the oviduct is most frequent, in farm animals the secondary, abdominal form, is predominant. This paper describes the relations between the types of ectopic pregnancy and species, propitious factors, consequences for females and for the embryo or fetuses developing out of the uterus.
The literature concerning the issue of canine sex pheromones includes reports presenting completely conflicting opinions about the chemical composition of the canine urine in the context of semiochemical communication. At present, the predominant report cited by many different authors is the article published in Science in 1979 by Goodwin at al., presenting methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) as the main canine sex pheromone. While it has been proved that pure methyl paraben lacks semiochemical activity as do commercially available products containing this substance (Eau D’Estrus, Synbiotics, USA), in view of the conflicting published reports the aim of this study was to revaluate using modern techniques the presence of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate in canine urine during different phases of the ovarian cycle. Ten female dogs of different breeds were used. Urine samples from bitches collected during various stages of the ovarian cycle were examined with using the SPME and GC/MS methods. Methyl paraben was not detected in any of the samples. In conclusion, because of the lack of methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in the samples examined, the present study confirmed negative opinions on the possibility of this substance playing a crucial role in semiochemical communication during reproduction in dogs (Canis familiaris).
The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of a variety of methods of early pregnancy detection in bitches. 32 bitches were examined by Draminski Ultrasonic Pregnancy Detector (Dramiñski®, probe 2.5 MHz), ultrasonography (Echoson®, probe: 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7.5 MHZ) and by the Witness Relaxin Test (Synbiotics®) which measures relaxin levels in plasma or serum samples. Blood samples from the bitches were collected with the anticoagulant. The first examination took place between 23 and 25 day post-mating. The second, control examination, took place 30 days post-mating. The results of the examinations were compared with personal information obtained from the breeder relating to whether or not parturition had occurred. The results confirmed that ultrasonograph is the best method for early pregnancy detection in bitches. The Draminski Pregnancy Detector (locating amniotic fluid in the uterus) was also found to be very useful. Witness Relaxin Test should not to be used for early pregnancy detection in bitches, because its lack of efficacy at this time.
The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of intracornual insemination versus uterine body insemination using a standard insemination dose. All cows have synchronised oestrus with Ovsynch protocol and only cows with strong oestrus signs were inseminated. An experiment was conducted in autumn. In group I 36 cows were inseminated into the uterine body and in group II 33 cows were inseminated into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary with the largest follicle determined by ultrasonography. The conception rate was 69.44% in group I and 69.66% in group II (there were no significant differences). It was concluded that in routine insemination practice the site of semen deposition (into uterine body or into ipsilateral horn) does not play a significant role.
The study investigated the relationship between estrus intensity and conception rates in dairy cows and heifers as well as between the level of physical constitution and conception rates in cows measured on the day of artificial insemination (AI). Females were submitted for AI after confirming standing estrus, and just prior to insemination the estrus intensity was investigated and classified as strong if three out of four factors were detected i.e. standing, vaginal mucus discharge, high uterine tone or presence of follicles in the ovaries; otherwise the estrus intensity was classified as weak. In the cow’s group (n=48) only those exhibiting estrus between 50 and 100 days following delivery were investigated and only heifers (n=42) that were approximately 18 months old were inseminated. No drugs were administrated for oestrus synchronisation. The study indicated that oestrus intensity had no effect on conception rates in cows (58% vs. 45% cows exhibiting strong and weak oestrus respectively were pregnant) but oestrus intensity did affect the conception rates in heifers (78% vs. 47% heifers exhibiting strong and weak oestrus respectively were pregnant, p<0.05). The physical constitution level measured on the day of AI had no effect on conception rates and was similar in both pregnant and non pregnant cows (3.20 ± 0.18 and 3.31 ± 0.33 respectively).
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