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tom 57
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nr 1-2
EN
Long-lived clonal plants provide an optimal place for the natural storage of seeds as a ‘non-soil seed bank’. We tested the hypothesis that the size and species diversity of a non-soil seed bank deposited within the clonal plant Carex cespitosa depends mainly on the plant's size. To verify this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted on an unmown meadow in the Białowieża National Park. The emerging seedlings of different species originating from C. cespitosa tussocks of different size (large and small) were observed under greenhouse conditions for four years. The size of a non-soil seed bank was evaluated based on the number of seedlings. Significant differences in the seedling number were found between large and small sedge tussocks (Mann-Whitney test Z = 3.96, P < 0.001). However, the number of recorded species was independent of tussock size. Both types of tussocks were dominated by meadow, forest and swamp species (in decreasing order). Some of these species are no longer present in the studied area, or their occurrence is limited to small groups at the meadow's edges. A non-soil seed bank within the tussock cores of C. cespitosa may be, similar to a soil seed bank, a tool for studying the changes occurring in plant communities.
EN
Genetic diversity and spatial variation of two populations of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) were analysed at the initial stage (macroforbs) and the late succession stage (forest community) during a 30-year succession on the abandoned meadows in Białowieża National Park. The study demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity in both populations (D = 0.86 and D = 0.79 in the population at the initial and late succession stage, respectively). Significant genetic differentiation was observed at the cross-population level (FST = 0.008, P <0.001). Among 303 ramets in the population at the initial stage 261 genotypes were detected, of which 24 were clonal, and the remaining (237) were unique (91%). In the population at the late succession stage 92 genotypes were detected among 116 ramets of which 10 were clonal, and 82 unique (89%). The results did not confirm a hypothesis that the low level of the population’s genetic diversity should be expected at the late succession stage. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the prolonged clonal spreading does not always result in genetic monotony of a population. It has been demonstrated that the high level of genetic diversity in the population of clonal species F. ulmaria could be the result of temporal changes in life history traits of long-lived genets. The formation of gaps caused by the disintegration of senile genets and the permanent recruitment of seedlings over 30 years of population development reinforce the appearance of new genets. This process was reflected in both populations by the domination of unique genets and spatial pattern of genotypic diversity.
EN
Long-lived clonal plants provide an optimal place for the natural storage of seeds as a ‘non-soil seed bank’. We tested the hypothesis that the size and species diversity of a non-soil seed bank deposited within the clonal plant Carex cespitosa depends mainly on the plant's size. To verify this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted on an unmown meadow in the Białowieża National Park. The emerging seedlings of different species originating from C. cespitosa tussocks of different size (large and small) were observed under greenhouse conditions for four years. The size of a non-soil seed bank was evaluated based on the number of seedlings. Significant differences in the seedling number were found between large and small sedge tussocks (Mann-Whitney test Z = 3.96, P < 0.001). However, the number of recorded species was independent of tussock size. Both types of tussocks were dominated by meadow, forest and swamp species (in decreasing order). Some of these species are no longer present in the studied area, or their occurrence is limited to small groups at the meadow's edges. A non-soil seed bank within the tussock cores of C. cespitosamay be, similar to a soil seed bank, a tool for studying the changes occurring in plant communities.
EN
Genetic diversity and spatial variation of two populations of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) were analysed at the initial stage (macroforbs) and the late succession stage (forest community) during a 30-year succession on the abandoned meadows in Białowieża National Park. The study demonstrated a high level of genetic diversity in both populations (D = 0.86 and D = 0.79 in the population at the initial and late succession stage, respectively). Significant genetic differentiation was observed at the cross-population level (FST = 0.008, P <0.001). Among 303 ramets in the population at the initial stage 261 genotypes were detected, of which 24 were clonal, and the remaining (237) were unique (91%). In the population at the late succession stage 92 genotypes were detected among 116 ramets of which 10 were clonal, and 82 unique (89%). The results did not confirm a hypothesis that the low level of the population.s genetic diversity should be expected at the late succession stage. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the prolonged clonal spreading does not always result in genetic monotony of a population. It has been demonstrated that the high level of genetic diversity in the population of clonal species F. ulmaria could be the result of temporal changes in life history traits of long-lived genets. The formation of gaps caused by the disintegration of senile genets and the permanent recruitment of seedlings over 30 years of population development reinforce the appearance of new genets. This process was reflected in both populations by the domination of unique genets and spatial pattern of genotypic diversity.
PL
Rezerwat „Gołobórz” położony w gminie Siedlce to obszar bardzo cenny pod względem florystyczno- krajobrazowym. Od 30 lat obserwuje się w nim niekorzystne zmiany ilościowe i jakościowe szaty roślinnej spowodowane postępującą sukcesją oraz silną antropopresją. Flora naczyniowa rezerwatu liczy 455 gatunków roślin naczyniowych i w ciągu 30 lat zwiększyła się z 377 do 411 gatunków. W trakcie badań stwierdzono wzrost liczby gatunków leśnych i zaroślowych, łąkowych oraz synantropijnych, przy jednoczesnym spadku liczby gatunków murawowych, wodnych i torfowiskowych. Nie stwierdzono stanowisk 34 gatunków roślin naczyniowych, w tym: brzozy niskiej Betula humilis, rosiczki okrągłolistnej Drosera rotundifolia, widłaczka torfowego Lycopodiella inundata, gnieźnika leśnego Neottia nidus-avis i podkolana białego Platanthera bifolia. Zmiany roślinności polegały na rozwoju zbiorowisk borowych oraz zaniku płatów torfowisk wysokich i przejściowych
EN
Numerous quantitative and qualitative transformations in the vegetation of the “Gołobórz” nature reserve have been observed. The number of vascular plant species has increased over the last 30 years, from 377 in 1980 to 411 in 2010. Native species (91.86%) are the most frequent in the studied area. Archaeophytes (19 species) prevail over kenophytes (15 species) and diaphytes (3 species) in the group of anthropophytes. The increase in the number of forest, grassland and synanthropic species and thus a decline in the number of grassland, aquatic and peat bog plants was observed. The vegetation of the reserve is exposed to a continuous human pressure. Various land-use methods (partial exploitation as a military training field, picking of mushrooms and berries, illegal dumping grounds, sand and peat mining, burning of meadows and bogs, tourism, transport) are considered to be the main cause of the major increase (by over 75.8%) in the contribution of synanthropic species, both ruderal and segetal (from 29 species in 1980 to 51 at present). The decline in the abundance of many valuable plants, including Betula humilis, Dactylorhiza majalis, Dianthus arenarius, Drosera rotundifolia, Eleocharis mamillata, Lemna gibba, Lycopodiella inundata, Platanthera bifolia was also observed over the last 30 years. Moreover, unfavourable transformations in the vegetation of the reserve were also observed, particularly an increase in the area of dry and moderately wet pine forests (Cladonio-Pinetum, Peucedano-Pinetum, Querco roboris-Pinetum). Raised bogs from the class Oxycocco-Sphagnetea and mires and fens from the class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea occurring in dune depressions in the 1980s, were transformed into moist (Molinio-Pinetum) and marshy pine forests (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum), as well as marshy birch forests (Betuletum pubescentis). Nowadays, as a result of changes in the water conditions and the land-use method in the nature reserve area, patches of wet meadows from the order Molinietalia evolved mainlyinto nitrophilous communities of therophytes
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