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Wizytacje wyższych seminariów duchownych przez władze państwowe w Polsce w latach 1960–1971

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Włodarczyk E.

Prawo

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2018

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nr 325

229-246

EN

In 1960–1971 the government conducted inspections of seminars, both diocesan seminars and those run by religious orders, all over Poland. The success of the authorities’ efforts depended on the seminar in question and the year. As early as in February 1950 the first attempts were made to subordinate some seminars to state control, specifically, the control of the Ministry of Education, on the basis of Articles 96–107 of the Decree 28 October 1947, which dealt with the organisation of schools and higher education institutions. The remaining seminars were to be controlled by the respective Boards of Education, in accordance with the Private Schools Act of 11 March 1932. Invoking these legislative acts, the authorities wanted to exercise the right to grant approval to statutes, curricula, appointment of teaching staff as well as supervise the implementation of the curricula in the seminars. Yet their efforts produced meagre results. This did not change until 1959, when the communist authorities realised that freedom of educating and forming future priests was extremely problematic for them and that the process was completely out of their control. A conviction that in its seminars the Church was educating future priests in an atmosphere that was hostile to the people’s republic and was promoting views hostile to the interests of society prompted the communist authorities to take action seeking to take control of seminars. The seminars were to abide by the provisions of the Act of 19 April 1950 on the Change of the Organisation State Authorities with Regard to Municipal and Public Administration, Private Schools Act of 11 March 1932, and then the Act of 15 July 1961 on the Development of the Education System as well as the Ordinance of the Minister of Education of 26 February 1965 on the Rules and Conditions of Running Non-State Schools and Other Education Institutions. They were also subordinated to the control of the state authorities. After more than a decade of battles between the government and the Polish Episcopate, the question of control over seminars was finally resolved in 1971, when the authorities ceased their inspections of seminars.

DE

In den Jahren 1960-1971 führten staatliche Behörden auf dem ganzen Gebiet Polens Visitationen in den höheren Seminaren der Diözesen und der Orden durch. Bereits im Februar 1950 versuchte man, einen Teil der Priesterseminare der Kontrolle des Staates, also des Ministeriums für Bildung und Erziehung auf Grund der Art. 96–107 des Dekretes vom 28. Oktober 1947, die die Organisation der Wissenschaft und des höheren Schulwesens betreffen, zu unterziehen. Die restlichen höheren und kleinen Seminare sollten der Kontrolle der Schulkuratorien gemäß dem Gesetz vom 11. März 1932 über Privatschulen und wissenschaftliche sowie erzieherische Einrichtungen unterliegen. Aufgrund dieser Rechtsakte wollten die Behörden über das Recht verfügen, die Satzungen, Programme und Unterrichtspläne zu bestätigen, das Lehrpersonal zu berufen und die Ausübung der Programme in den Seminaren ständig zu kontrollieren, was ihnen jedoch nicht gelang. Eine Änderung erfolgte erst im Jahre 1959, als die kommunistischen Behörden sich dessen bewusst wurden, dass die Freiheit des Unterrichtes und der Erziehung der Priesterkandidaten eine sehr heikle und durch den Staat nicht kontrollierte Angelegenheit blieb. Aufgrund der Überzeugung, dass die Ausbildung in den Seminaren in einer staatsfeindlichen Atmosphäre verläuft und dort Meinungen gefördert werden, die sozialfeindlich sind, haben die Volksbehörden Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle der höheren Priesterseminare getroffen. Die höheren Priesterseminare wurden damals dem Gesetz vom 19. April 1950 über die Änderung der Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden im Bereich der kommunalen Wirtschaft und der öffentlichen Verwaltung, dem Gesetz vom 11. März 1932 über Privatschulen und weiterhin dem Gesetz vom 15. Juli 1961 über die Entwicklung des Bildungssystems und Erziehungswesens und der Verordnung des Kultusministers vom 26. Februar 1965 in Sachen der Grundsätze und Bedingungen der Führung nicht staatlicher Schulen und anderer schulischer und pädagogischer Zentren unterordnet sowie der Aufsicht staatlicher Behörden unterzogen. Nach mehr als zehn Jahren eines Kampfes zwischen den Staatsbehörden und dem Episkopat Polens wurde die Aufsicht über die höheren Priesterseminare endgültig im Jahre 1971 eingestellt.

2

Przejęcie i likwidacja katolickiej organizacji Caritas w województwie wrocławskim w 1950 roku

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Włodarczyk E.

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2013

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nr 315/2

189 - 204

EN

The take over and liquidation of the charity organization Caritas, both in Poland and in the former province of Wroclaw, lasted for several years after the end of World War II. The consistent cooperation of Caritas with the communist authorities was amicable for a period of approximately three years after the war. It began changing when the Caritas organization started being more and more active in many spheres of charitable work. The communist authorities began to see their main ideological opponent in the Church, which interacted with the society through its charity work, in a competitive way. Thus, in the years 1948–1949, the communist authorities gradually took over the facilities belonging to the ecclesiastical organization, suspended operations of its various branches (e.g. Zgorzelec), or completely refused the allocation of premises (e.g. Oleśnica). Inspections of Caritas, which were carried out at the time, were biased with the aim of demonstrating the alleged irregularities, manipulations and abuses within this organization (e.g. Wrocław, Kamienna Góra, Lubawka, Chełmsk Śląski). The policy of the communist authorities, aiming to completely eliminate the Church’s influence on the society, led to the discontinuation of development of the Church activities and, on 23 January 1950, the authorities definitively took over the charity Caritas from the Church, establishing its coercive management. Since that time, the Catholic organization — Caritas has become the Caritas Catholic Association under the full jurisdiction of the Polish People’s Republic authorities.

3

Laicyzacja szkół publicznych w województwie wrocławskim w latach 1945–1961 jako przejaw nietolerancji religijnej w Polsce Ludowej

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Włodarczyk E.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2014

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tom XII

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nr 4

73-89

EN

The article deals with the problem of laicization of schools owned by the state, which were based in Wrocław Province within the period between the end of the Second World War and the year 1961, in which the following were passed: Act on development of the educational and rearing system of 15 July, Order of the Minister of Education of 19 August, concerning running of catechetic centres, and Instruction of the Minister of Education of 21 November, relating to the mode or realizing the Order of the Minister of Education of 19 August 1961 (as above). The problem area which the author undertakes to discuss concerns the State-Church relations, that is – specifically – how the communist authorities influenced teaching of religion by clergymen or lay persons in state schools, as well as how that was received by the Church and society. The idea of transferring the teaching of religion from schools to catechetic centres poses a most significant problem with regard to both legal and historical contexts. Laicization of schools offered one of the pretexts for turning the clergy away from any functions performed by them in state-run schools until then. The communist authorities did their best to separate the Church from society, to maximally decrease its significance (functions and tasks), and – in that way – to influence the nation so that it should become anti-clerical. In her article, the author also discusses the legislation, that is formation and bringing into life regulations which directly relate to teaching religion in schools, and their interpretation by the then authorities. Furthermore, she describes obeying to those regulations of law by the clergy, as well as execution of acts of disregard for them by relevant organs.

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Zmiany społeczno-polityczne przeprowadzone przez Ministerstwo Administracji Publicznej w latach 1944–1950 dotyczące spraw Kościołów i związków wyznaniowych w Polsce

100%

Włodarczyk E.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2019

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tom 17

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nr 3

197-210

EN

The Ministry of Public Administration was established pursuant to the Act of 31 December 1944 on the appointment of the Interim Government of the Republic of Poland. The matters arising from the relations between the State and the Churches and religious denominations were handled by Department V, which in 1946 consisted of two sections addressing Christian and non-Christian denominations, respectively. The Socio-Political Departments in the Provincial Offices, which employed officials responsible for matters relating to religious denominations, were subordinate to Department V. The same held true in Starostwa Powiatowe [County Offices]. In 1947, Department V was divided into three units addressing matters of the Catholic Church, Christian Denominations and Non-Christian denominations, respectively, and one year later still one more department, i.e. the Department of General Matters, was established. Since 1947 matters relating to religious denominations fell within the competences of Department IV. The Department of Religious Denominations in the Ministry of Public Administration from its beginnings was responsible for shaping the policy of the State towards religious denominations. The aforementioned policy was supposed to be concordant with the directives and principles of the communist party. The socio-political reforms conducted by the Ministry of Public Administration in relation to the Churches and religious associations were one of the means of repression, which within the years 1944-1950 was in its initial phase based on the trial-and-error method. However, it was the cooperation of the Ministry with Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego [Public Security Office], and later the establishment of Urząd ds. Wyznań [Office in charge of Religious Denominations] in 1950 which changed and regulated actions of the communist authorities towards the Churches and religious associations in Poland regarding the matters concerning the relations between the State and the Church and religious associations. From then on the competences to date of Department IV of the Ministry of Public Administration were transferred onto the Office in charge of Religious Denominations.