Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Konwencje Stolicy Apostolskiej z Republiką Litewską z 5 maja 2000 roku na tle konkordatów współczesnych z wybranymi państwami europejskimi

100%

Mróz M.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2012

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tom 2(3)

285-301

EN

Among all other Baltic States, Lithuania had a tradition of diplomatic relations with the Holy See, which began after announcing the state’s independence on 16th February 1918 and were continued up until the annexation of Lithuania by the USSR’s on 15th June 1940. When it comes to a system, the state-Church relations in the Republic of Lithuania were most of the time described as balanced. They featured from one side a constitutional inscription about the state and Church being separated, and from another – the constitutional right of religious organisations to function freely, according to their own laws and regulations, as well as rejecting the possibility to introduce any kind of state religion in Lithuania. Apart from the constitution and bills regulating the Catholic Church’s status in Lithuania, another law acts describing state-Church relations are three conventions signed by the Republic of Lithuania with the Holy See on 5th May 2000. They are as follows: agreement on cooperation within education and culture, the convention on law aspects of relations between the Catholic Church and the state, and the convention regarding military priesthood. Apart from the full Polish concordat from 1993, or Portuguese from 2004, the conventions with the Republic of Lithuania – right next to the Estonian convention from 1999, Latvian accordo generale from 2000 or the accordo with Slovenia from 2001 and with Croatia in 1996 and 1998 – should be considered one of the numerous classic partial concordats, signed with European countries during the pontificate of John Paul II.

2

Strategiczne partnerstwo polsko-ukraińskie i program Partnerstwa Wschodniego w przededniu szczytu w Warszawie we wrześniu 2011 roku

100%

Mróz M.

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

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2011

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tom 1(1)

76-90

EN

Upon the restitution of Ukrainian independence in 1991, the Polish-Ukrainian relations, next to the relations with Russian Federation, became central to polish foreign policy towards its direct neighbours in the East. In August 1993, for the first time since Ukraine’s definitive emancipation from the tutelage of Moscow, the Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka defined the relation between Warsaw and Kiev as a strategic partnership. Since then it has been treated almost as a magic spell which was usually used to compensate the lack of real content to fill the political declarations at different levels. Warsaw’s special hopes were associated with the Eastern Partnership, the first complete initiative introduced into the European Union’s external relations and addressed to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. A Joint Declaration was adopted in May 2009 in Prague during an official presentation of the new initiative of the European Union. Thus, the Eastern Partnership became an integral part of the European Union’s policy towards the countries addressed in the program. Fulfilment of the assumptions outlined in The Eastern Partnership with a substantive content is in spe will lead to a real integration of the partner countries and national and ethnic minorities residing in their territory with the European Union, and in the longer term lead to full integration. Guided by the EU’s values , standards and norms the writers and animators of the Eastern Partnership built its functioning on three basic principles:, co-ownership, differentiation and conditionality. They also outlined the areas of cooperation with countries covered by the partnership in such fields as human rights, market economy, sustainable development, efficient and effective management, energy security and others. Considering the Eastern Partnership in this form, amongst other, Poland should concentrate its efforts on activities aimed at introducing Ukrainian issues at various forms of international cooperation, determining the relationship between the Eastern Partnership and other regional organizations promoted by the European Union, further institutional placement of the Eastern Partnership within the framework of the European Union, and in purely practical dimension on liberalization of visa regime with the perspective of its abolition.

3

Polityka wschodnia Stolicy Apostolskiej w latach 1978‑1989/1990: idee i wartości w działaniu

100%

Mróz M.

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nr 3(29)

121-145

EN

The history and the beginnings of Vatican diplomacy, its high prestige in the field of international relations. The text discusses the features, modes of action, the hierarchy and the number of the Vatican diplomats. The beginnings of the difficult collaboration of the Holy See with the East, inaugurated by John XXII and Paul VI, continued by John Paul II. After a Pole was chosen as the bishop of Rome there was an intensification of the Vatican’s eastern policy. John Paul II openly fought for and frequently spoke about respecting human rights and the increase of the freedom of the Church, not only in Poland, but also in the entire eastern bloc. We should mention the fact that during the events of December 1980 and the period of tension in Poland, John Paul II submitted a letter to Leonid Brezhnev expressing his concern about the fate of Europe and Poland. The bishop of Rome also established a collaboration with the Hungarian episcopate at that time. Despite initial difficulties, he also did so with Czechoslovakia. By making pilgrimages to his fatherland and by meeting general Jaruzelski, the Pope made vigorous attempts to normalize all diplomatic relations between the Vatican and Poland. This normalization eventually happened on 17 July 1989. In the second half of the 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev played a considerable role in the warming of the relations between the Vatican and Moscow due to his policy of reconstruction (perestroika). The extension of the dialogue between the Vatican and Moscow was facilitated by the visit made by the Soviet leader to the Pope in December 1989, and especially by the declaration made during that visit that there was a will to bring about a turning point in the religious policy and a will to confer an official status to the relations between the Soviet Union and the Vatican. The Polish Pope’s political sense, and especially his belief about the necessity of making a break with the post‑Yalta order in Europe and in the World, an order that was viewed as a moral catastrophe, entailed the idea that the Vatican’s eastern policy did not reach its end with the Spring of the Nations of 1989 and the demise of the Soviet Union, but that it entered a new stage of its development. The diplomacy of the Vatican in the face of democratizational processes in Eastern Europe and the emergence of a new political map drawn up on the ruins of the USSR had very little time to spare to adapt its activities to the dynamically changing reality. In the new political reality in the eastern part of the continent there came to the fore the question of restoring or establishing by the Holy See of diplomatic relations both with the countries with a Catholic majority, such as Poland, Hungary and Lithuania, or with countries which were widely represented by Catholics, countries such as Belarus or the Ukraine, or with countries in which the Catholics were a religious minority, as in the case of the Russian Federation. The thus‑defined long‑scale strategic goals of the Vatican toward the countries of the former Soviet Union and its satellite countries in Central and Eastern Europe were fulfilled, maybe with the exception of the Russian Federation alone, and, for other reasons, the Republic of Belarus. The diplomacy of the Vatican made a lasting contribution to the engineering of a new political order on the Old Continent based on the respect of rights and civic freedoms which are derived also from the Christian tradition.

4

Inteligentna dystrybucja

63%

Mróz M. , Rodziewicz T.

Energetyka Rozproszona

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2023

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tom nr 10

33--41

PL

Aby transformacja energetyczna (TE) była możliwa, oprócz wykorzystania źródeł odnawialnych konieczne jest zastosowanie m.in. nowych technologii pomiarowych, komunikacyjnych analitycznych. Efektywna transformacja nie zaistnieje bez inteligentnej sieci elektroenergetycznej. Prognozuje się, że do 2030 r. w Unii Europejskiej pojawi się kilkadziesiąt milionów pojazdów elektrycznych i pomp ciepła, nastąpi znacząca elektryfikacja transportu, przemysłu ora z sfery komunalnej. TAURON Dystrybucja S.A. od co najmniej kilku lat prowadzi wiele działań inwestycyjnych oraz badawczo-rozwojowych w tym obszarze. Jednym z przykładów jest projekt mikro sieci. Firma realizuje szereg inicjatyw wspierających rozwój inteligentnej infrastruktury sieciowej, zgodnie z założeniami Strategicznej Agendy Badawczej TAURON Dystrybucja S.A. Kluczowym zadaniem Spółki jest zapewnienie i utrzymanie wysokich standardów jakości energii elektrycznej w zmiennym otoczeniu dynamicznego rozwoju OZE.W tym celu konieczne będzie wytworzenie nowych narzędzi, które pomogą OSD w pełnieniu funkcji moderatora sieci. Komisja Europejska ogłosiła, że zamierza wspierać unijnych operatorów systemu przesyłowego (OSP) i operatorów systemu dystrybucyjnego (OSD) w procesie tworzenia cyfrowego bliźniaka (digital twin) europejskiej sieci elektroenergetycznej.

EN

To support energy transformation and development of renewable resources, it is necessary to use, among others: new measurement, communication and analytical technologies. An effective energy transformation will not be possible without smart grid. It is forecasted that by 2030, several dozen million electric vehicles and heat pumps will appear in the European Union. And there will be significant electrification of transport, industry and the municipal sphere. TAURON Dystrybucja has been conducting a lot of investments, as well as research and development activities in this area for at least several years. One example is a microgrid project. The company implements many projects supporting the development of intelligent network infrastructure, in accordance with the assumptions of the Strategic Research Agenda. The key task of the Company is to ensure and maintain high standards of electricity quality in the changing environment of dynamic development of renewable energy sources. It will be necessary to create new tools that will support the DSO in performing the function of grid moderator. The European Commission announced its intention to support EU transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs) in the process of creating a Digital Twin of the European electricity grid.

5

Wpływ skrzyżowania linii kablowych wysokiego napięcia 110 kV na ich długotrwałą obciążalność prądową

51%

Anders G. , Mróz M. , Ellwart M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2019

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tom R. 95, nr 5

119--123

PL

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy skomplikowanego przypadku wzajemnego skrzyżowania się linii kablowych wysokiego napięcia 110 kV. W artykule przedstawiono praktyczne aspekty wyboru metod obliczeniowych wraz z opisem ich istotnych ograniczeń. Wybór metody obliczeniowej uzależniony jest od stopnia skomplikowania rozpatrywanego przypadku i zależy przede wszystkim od właściwości termicznych środowiska pracy linii kablowych oraz od liczby krzyżowanych obwodów kablowych. Ilość generowanego ciepła przez krzyżujące się linie kablowe, pionowa odległość między obwodami i kąt skrzyżowania są głównymi parametrami mającymi wpływ na ich długotrwałą obciążalność prądowa. Wybór właściwej metody obliczeniowej oraz zastosowanie odpowiednich rozwiązań projektowych i wykonawczych umożliwia minimalizację wzajemnego cieplnego oddziaływania krzyzujących się linii kablowych na ich długotrwałą obciążalność prądową.

EN

This paper discusses a complicated case of an intersection of buried 110 kV high voltage cable lines. Practical aspects of choosing computational methods with brief description of their important limitations are discussed in the paper. Choice of the method depends on the complexity level of an intersection in which major factors are thermal properties of the crossing surroundings and number of crossed circuits. An amount of heat generated by the intersection, vertical distance between circuits and angle at which those circuits are crossed are main factors which have influence on the steady state ampacity. Choice of the computational method, design and implementation solutions are crucial to minimise mutual heating influence of crossing buried cable lines on their steady state ampacity.