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Consequences of the Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547) for the modification of the tax system in the 16th century Kingdom of Bohemia

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Vorel P.

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nr 3 (18)

46-63

EN

The article deals with the consequences of a political agreement between King Ferdinand I and a part of the Bohemian opposition nobility, concluded in 1547 in order to restore stability following the Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547). The change in the tax system put Bohemian royal cities and owners of large estates at a considerable disadvantage while profits from manor farming and financial services remained virtually untaxed. This tax structure, applied for several decades, resulted in a rapid increase of debts and the ultimate collapse of the entire tax system in 1615. The resulting financial crisis was resolved by the Bohemian Landtag in 1615 by declaring bankruptcy of the treasury and taking over tax collection.

2

Státoprávní vyčlenění českých zemí ze Svaté říše římské. Důsledky říšské reformy Maxmiliána I. Habsburského

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Vorel P.

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tom 111

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nr 4

743-804

EN

This study continues long-term specialist discussions on the constitutional relationship between the Lands of the Czech Crown and the Holy Roman Empire in the period of the Early Modern Age. With the help of new primary resources, the author focuses on the period 1477–1495 during which the exclusion of the Czech Lands from a newly formed Roman-German Empire took place. The emergence of a new constitutional arrangement was completed through the consent of all four participating parties (King of the Romans – the Imperial Estates – the King of Bohemia – the Czech Estates), therefore it was conflict-free. The exclusion of the Czech Lands from the Empire was not the result of the emancipation struggle of the Czech Estates, whether national or religious, but it occurred within the context of the internal re-structuralisation of the Empire at the beginning of the Imperial Reform of Maximilian I. From the very beginning of the emergence of the Early Modern Roman-German Empire in 1495, the Lands of the Czech Crown were not part of it, neither de facto nor de iure, although in the course of the following two centuries these two neighbouring state formations happened to have a joint ruler from time to time. This formerly rather unusual perspective, yet in the author’s view, sufficiently documented by primary sources, on the constitutional development of Early Modern Medieval Europe provides a broader framework for interpretations of long-term trends in the history of the 16th and the 17th centuries.

3

The Function of the Thaler in Determining the Exchange Rates of European Currencies in the Second Half of the 16th Century

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Vorel P.

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2022

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tom 66

283-306

PL

Autor zwięźle podsumowuje genezę i rozwój talara od jego pojawienia się w Europie Środkowej w latach 20. XVI w. po powszechne rozprzestrzenienie się terminu „talar” na określenie dużej, srebrnej monety w latach 40. XVI stulecia, jak też próby zastąpienia w cesarstwie rzymsko-niemieckim talara monetą innego typu Drugą i Trzecią Cesarską Ordynacją Menniczą. Najważniejszym punktem zwrotnym był rok 1566. „Talar imperialny” został na nowo zdefiniowany pod względem metrologii, jak też uregulowano pobór ceł w cieśninach Morza Północnego, które (zamiast monet złotych) nadal pobierano w srebrnych talarach. To posunięcie pobudziło ekspansję monety talarowej w krajach Europy kontynentalnej korzystających ze szlaku handlowego Morza Północnego. W tym czasie, talar stał się także jednostką obrachunkową najważniejszych systemów monetarnych. Świadczą o tym kursy walut z końca XVI w. z Hamburga. „Talar imperialny” służy w nich jako narzędzie do przeliczania siedmiu najważniejszych walut używanych na obszarach handlowych Mórz Północnego i Bałtyckiego (marka lubecka, funt hamburski, funt antwerpski, funt amsterdamski, cesarski gulden reński, lizboński milreis i polski złoty).

EN

The author summarizes the origin and development of the thaler since its emergence in Central Europe in the 1520s to the general spread of the term “thaler” for large silver coins in the 1540s as well as the attempts to replace the thaler with another type of coin in the Roman-German Empire under the Second and Third Imperial Coin Order. The year 1566 was a major turning point. The “imperial thaler” was redefined in metrological terms and the collection of custom duties in the North Sea straits was regulated, which (instead of gold coins) continued to be collected in silver thalers. This move spurred the expansion of the thaler coins in those countries of continental Europe that used the North Sea trade route. At that time, the thaler also became the equivalent for mutual conversions of the most important monetary systems. This is evidenced by the exchange rates from the end of the 16th century from Hamburg. In them, the ”imperial thaler” serves as a tool for the mutual conversion the seven major currencies used in the North Sea and Baltic trade areas (the Lübeck mark, the Hamburg pound, the Antwerp pound, the Amsterdam pound, the imperial Rhine gulden, the Lisbon milreis and the Polish gulden).