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EN
Naturally occuring compounds containing alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino acids have been presented in the first part of this review. The second part gives a summmary of the more recent developments in the synthesis of enantiomerically and diastereomerically pure alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino acids. Application of new stategies useful in the preparation of peptides with alpha-hydroxy-beta-amino acids is also presented.
EN
The synthesis of N-terminal guanidine derivatives of three dipeptides Ala-Ala, Ala-Leu, Ala-Phe and three dipeptides containing betaine as an N-terminal amino acid: Bet-Ala, Bet-Leu, Bet-Ile has been carried out. The transport studies of the obtained pseudo - peptides and corresponding natural peptides into E. coli K12 mutant strains have also been performed. The results indicate that modified dipeptides containing N-terminal guanidine or betaine are not transported into E. coli K12 cells.
EN
The edeines analogs were tested in several in vitro and in vivo assays using the mouse model, with edeine B (peptide W1) and cyclosporine A as reference compounds. The peptides displayed moderate, stimulatory effects on concanavalin A-induced (ConA-induced) splenocyte proliferation, whereas their effects on pokeweed mitogen-induced (PWM-induced) splenocyte proliferation were inhibitory. The peptides inhibited lipopolysacharide-induced (LPS-induced) tumor necrosis factor alpha production but had little effect on interleukin 6 production. In the model of the humoral immune response in vitro to sheep red blood cells, peptide 1 was distinctly stimulatory in the investigated concentrations (1-100 μg/ml), whereas peptides 3 and 4 only stimulated the number of antibody-forming cells at the highest concentration (100 μg/ml). In the model of the delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo to ovalbumin, the peptides were moderately suppressive (3 being the most active). The reference peptide W1 stimulated ConA-induced cell proliferation at 1–10 μg/ml but was inhibitory at 100 μg/ml. It also inhibited PWM-induced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This peptide had no effect on the humoral immune response in vitro or on cytokine production, but inhibited DTH reaction in vivo. The relationship between structure and activity, and a possible mode of action of the peptides, is discussed in this paper.
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