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1
Content available Chaganat chazarski a Skandynawowie w Europie Wschodniej – kontakty i ich charakter w IX–X wieku
100%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2022
|
tom 14
5-57
PL
From its emergence in the 7th century until its fall in 965, the Khazar Khaganate played a decisive role among the tribes and peoples settled in Eastern Europe. The Pax Khazarica contributed to the stabilization of ethnic and political relations in the region, which in turn gave the khaganate a high status in contacts with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The Khazars benefited from the favorable geographic location and the benefits they gained from participating in long-distance trade. With the arrival of Scandinavian newcomers and the development of their settlement in the northern and north-eastern part of the Ruthenian lands (the area around Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin), contacts with them played an increasingly important role in the history of the Chaganate in the 9th-10th centuries. Oleg’s taking of power in Kiev and the territorial development of the Ruthenian state was a crucial moment. Although the Khazars maintained a strong position among the peoples and tribes of Eastern Europe during the first half of the 10th century, it was not without difficulties. The reason was the growing activity of the Scandinavians not only among the Slavs who settled in the basin of the Dnieper, Oka and the upper Volga, but also in the lands that were the immediate hinterland of the khaganate (Black Sea region, the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region). In addition to merchant expeditions, the Varangians organized – with great panache and range - raids of a looting nature (e.g. Prince Igor’s campaigns). It cannot be ruled out that they inuenced the nature of the relationship between the Khazars and their dependent tribes in Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Khaganate, which took place as a result of the war campaigns undertaken by Prince Sviatoslav (965, 969), may indicate a more significant (than previously assumed) internal weakening of the Khazar state. Undoubtedly, it was related to the change in the current system of political and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe, and the actions of the Kiev princes played a decisive role. Another reason was the change in the course of the existing long-distance trade routes, and thus the reduction of the influence that the Khazars obtained from their control. Despite the progress in research on the history of the khaganate, little is known about its relations with the Scandinavians settled in Eastern Europe, as well as with Slavic tribes, including those remaining outside the Khazar sphere of influence, and the consequences of the fall of Khazar domination for the region’s economy. The research conducted so far shows that the influence of the Khazars, although not confirmed in all spheres, was more intense, as evidenced by the reception of the kagan title in relation to the Ruthenian rulers in the 10th-11th centuries.
2
Content available Wielka strategia czy czy zbieg okoliczności? Kształtowanie się wschodniej granicy państwa karolińskiego w VIII–IX w. w Europie Środkowej
100%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2018
|
tom 6
5-54
PL
The article concerns the expansion of the Frankish border towards the East, its participation in the Frankish policy during the reign of Charlemagne and Ludwig the Pious and the role it played in the history and culture of Central Europe. The configuration of the eastern border was the result of a victory in the war with the Saxons. Its genesis had a strategic goal, which was to  provide security to the main Carolingian centers of lay and church administration, located in the middle and lower valleys of the River Meuse and Skalda, and close to (about 100 km) Saxon territory. In the case of the second conflict, with emergency Awarian khaganate, its outburst was closely related to the Carolingian annexation of the Principality  of Agilolfing (Bavaria). After their completion, at the beginning of the ninth century, the eastern border of the Carolingian monarchy ran from the estuary of the Elbe and the Baltic coast to the Adriatic and Balkans. By its nature it did not resemble the Roman limes, it was more a zone than the system of linear fortifications. Charlemagne and Louis the Pious were not able to build a permanent system of frontier countries that acted as a buffer protecting the territory of the Frankish state from the east. The collapse of the emergency khaganate and the neighborhood of the Carolingian monarchy became a catalyst for political and social changes among the Slavic tribes settled above all middle of Danube and Adriatic regions. In contemporary culture, we can see the fusion of the inheritance with impacts from the territory of the Carolingian state (Bavaria, Italy, Saxony, Central Germany) and also from Byzantium.
3
Content available Polityka papiestwa w Europie Środkowej i na Bałkanach w okresie działalności Konstantyna i Metodego w państwie morawskim oraz misjonarzy łacińskich w Bułgarii
100%
Polek K.
|
2024
|
nr 2(41)
13-70
EN
The subject of the article is the policy of the Holy See during the pontificates of Nicholas I, Hadrian II and John VIII with regard to countries in Central Europe and the Balkans. It was the result of the complex relations between the papacy and the Carolingians, the Byzantine Empire as well as the Slavic states. The Moravian rulers (Rostislav and Sviatopluk) and, Boris-Michael, the Khan of Bulgaria, used the interest of the Holy Sees diplomacy in these regions to implement their own ecclesiastical and political plans. An analysis of mutual diplomatic contacts shows more interest in Boris-Michaels state in the diplomatic activity of the papacy than in the Moravian state. The change in the policy of the Holy See took place after the fiasco of making the Bulgarian state dependent on the Church, as well as with the deterioration of relations with the East Frankish monarchy (in ecclesiastical and political matters). This contributed to the growing importance of the Moravian state in the diplomatic activities of Rome in Central Europe (the Gloria in excelsis Deo papal bull).
4
Content available Bibliografia zawartości czasopisma „Prace Historyczne” i „Studia Historica” za lata 1962–2012
100%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2012
|
tom 12
3-76
PL
Historia czasopism „Prace Historyczne” i „Studia Historica” za lata 1962–2012 oraz bibliografia zawartości
5
Content available Christopher Loveluck, Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages, c. AD. 600–1150. A comparative archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013, ss. XXIV + 472.
100%
Polek K.
|
|
tom 1
341-348
6
Content available Wojna saska karola Wielkiego i jej konsekwencje.
100%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2007
|
tom 6
33-64
PL
The outbreak of the Saxon war was caused by Charlemagne's determination to protect Neustria and the north-western part of Austrasia against raided by Saxon tribes. The main political, church  and economic institutions of the Frankisch monarchy were also located there. The historiography of the Merovingian period (Gregory of Tours, Chronicle of Fredegar) as well as of the Carolingian one the Frankish annals, the  Annals of Metz, Liber hustoriae Francorum, Einhard) give a unanimous, disapproving presentation of the Franks. The war waged on the saxons can be divided into three stages (772-776, 777-785, 792-804). Its considered one of the two last serious conflicts which eventually ended territorial expansion of the Carolingian monarchy. The lack of success sufficient to win the Saxons already during the first stage of the war resulted in thr decission to conquerr the whole territory and to convert the Saxons from paganism to Christianity. From the beginning of the third stage of the conflict, Charlemagne subdued the Slavs living along the Elbe (the Obodrites and the Wieletes), the Frisians and the Danish who consequently, got engaged in the conflict. Living in the neighbourhood of the Carolingian monarchy did not have only a negative impact, for influencing the territory in the range of material culture and art (imitatio imperi) had the beneficial effects.
7
Content available Strona tytułowa
63%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2020
|
tom 10
1-2
8
Content available Słowo wstępne
63%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2020
|
tom 11
5-6
EN
Preface
PL
Słowo wstępne
9
Content available Bibliografia
51%
Polek K. , Wołos M.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 2
205-222
10
Content available Nota o Autorach
51%
Polek K. , Wołos M.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 2
223-224
11
Content available Notka o Autorach
51%
Polek K. , Wołos M.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 3
332-333
12
Content available Bibliografia.
51%
Wołos M. , Polek K.
|
|
tom 1
387-406
13
Content available Spis treści
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2020
|
tom 10
3-4
14
Content available Spis treści
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2020
|
tom 11
3-4
15
Content available Strona tytułowa
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2020
|
tom 11
1-2
16
Content available Strona tytułowa
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 2
1-2
17
Content available Spis tresci
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 2
3-4
18
Content available Strona tytułowa
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 3
1-2
19
Content available Spis treści
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2016
|
tom 3
3-4
20
Content available Karta tytułowa
50%
Polek K.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
|
2017
|
tom 4
1-2
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