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PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono nową koncepcję niezawodności systemu technologicznego opartą na analizie relacji skojarzeń elementów strumieni energii, materii, informacji, czasu i finansów. Podano sposób specyfikacji strumieni i metodę ustalania wartości niezawodności relacji istotnych i wspomagających. Relacje istotne pomiędzy elementami strumieni systemu definiowano jako mające wartość niezawodności jeden w czasie. Relacje wspomagające mają zaś wartość pomiędzy zero i jeden. Relacje istotne określa się na podstawie badań, doświadczenia i wiedzy. Niezawodność strumieniowo-systemowa Pss jest wielkością skalarną, to jest liczbą, której wartość zawiera się pomiędzy zerem i jednością. Wielkość Pss charakteryzuje bezodmowną pracą całego systemu. Jej średnia wartość w czasie normowym tn wyraża efektywność procesu produkcyjnego. Wielkość Pss jest ilorazem ilości relacji istotnych do sumy relacji istotnych i wspomagających. Forma wyrażenia na Pss wskazuje sposób optymalizacji procesu na drodze wzrostu ilości relacji istotnych pomiędzy komponentami strumieni wsadowych systemu. Koncepcję Pss zastosowano w badaniach efektywności produkcyjnej piekarni X, działającej w ramach grupy MiMPBP. Analiza systemowa piekarni umożliwia istotny wzrost niezawodności procesu wypieku chleba po zastosowaniu robotyzacji. Koncepcja niezawodności strumieniowo-systemowej Pss może być wykorzystana do analizy efektywności procesów technologicznych i optymalizacji w dowolnych procesach produkcyjnych. Wymaga to szczegółowej analizy systemowej takich procesów.
EN
This article presents a new concept of technological system reliability based on the analysis of the relationship of associations of elements of energy streams, matter, information, time and finance. The method of stream specification and the method of determining the reliability values of significant and supporting relationships are given. Relevant relationships between elements of system streams were defined as having one-time reliability value. Supportive relationships have a value between zero and one. Relevant relationships are determined based on research, experience and knowledge. Pss expresses the efficiency of the production process. Pss indicates how to optimize the process by increasing the number of relationships significant between the components of the system batch streams. The Pss concept was used in research into the production efficiency of bakery X operating within the MiMPBP group. System analysis of the bakery allows a significant increase in the bread baking process reliability after using robotization. The concept of Pss stream-system reliability can be used to analyze the efficiency of technological processes and optimization in any production processes. This requires a detailed system analysis of such processes.
EN
The following article describes selected aspects of numerical modeling of the process of bonding metal alloys with consideration for micro-roughness. Plastic contact between two deformable bodies is studied within a DEFROM FEM environment. The paper presents selected numerical analysis results for an aluminum alloy. The mathematical model of surface roughness has been created on the basis of the surface real profile. The dependence between the tool lathe angle and the feed has been used to build a numerical model of roughness after completion of the turning process. The article investigates the impact of wave roughness in respect to the size effect and the possibility of cold welding as well as the simplification process of real surface roughness.
PL
W publikacji przedstawiono proces kształcenia online jako system zawierający: operator edukacji, produkt – utożsamiany z jakością kształcenia oraz straty oznaczające słabości i wady. System ten jest reprezentowany trzema wektorami, tj. wektorem operatora edukacji, wektorem produktu i wektorem strat. Wektorowa reprezentacja systemu daje możliwość ilościowego opisu jego działania i stanowi o metryzowalności procesu kształcenia online na uczelniach różnego typu. Pokazany model może być wykorzystany jako narzędzie analizy i ewaluacji procesów kształcenia online w uczelniach z różnymi kierunkami nauczania.
EN
The publication presents the online learning process as a system comprised of the following: an education operator, a product – tantamount to the education quality, and losses signifying weaknesses and defects. The system is represented as three vectors, i.e. the education operator vector, product vector and loss vector. A vector-based representation of the system allows a quantitative description of its operation and determines the metrizability of the online learning process at various types of higher education institutions. The presented model can be used as a tool for analysing and evaluating online education processes in higher education institutions offering various fields of study.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono nowe podejście do ilościowej, bezwymiarowej oceny efektywności i konkurencyjności procesów produkcyjnych. Wprowadzono nowe pojęcia jakości procesu i względnej jakości produktu. Jakość procesu wyrażono wektorowo i skalarnie. Wektor jakości procesu wyrażono iloczynem niezawodności przez wektor z sumy trzech składowych uwzględniającej skład powtarzalności gramatury i minimum kosztów. Zaproponowano dwie nowe skalarne miary jakości procesu jako modułu wektora jakości i iloczynu mieszanego trzech wektorów bazy procesu. Wyróżniono też nowe pojęcie względnej jakości produktu (WJP). Przedstawiono separowalność i związek obydwu pojęć. Metodę oceny zilustrowano obliczeniami na przykładzie procesów piekarniczych realizowanych w piekarni w województwie pomorskim. Wykazano przydatność robotyzacji prowadzącej do znacznego podwyższenia wskaźników jakości procesu. Opracowane nowe ilościowe i wektorowe miary jakości procesu dają możliwości budowy algorytmów technologicznych, ekonomicznych i organizacyjnych prowadzących do innowacyjności i wzrostu efektywności procesów produkcyjnych.
EN
This article presents a new approach to quantitative dimensionless assessment of the efficiency and competitiveness of production processes. New concepts of process quality and relative product quality have been introduced. Process quality was expressed in vector and scalar. The process quality vector ono was expressed by the product of reliability by the vector from the sum of three components taking into account the composition of grammage repeatability and the minimum cost. Two new scalar measures of process quality as a quality vector module and the mixed product of three process base vectors are proposed. A new concept of relative product quality (WJP) was also highlighted. Separability and relationship of both concepts is presented. The assessment method is illustrated by calculations on the example of baking processes carried out at the bakery in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The usefulness of robotization leading to a significant increase in process quality indicators has been demonstrated. New quantitative and vector measures of process quality have been developed that provide the opportunity to build technological, economic and organizational algorithms that lead to innovation and increase in the efficiency of production processes.
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EN
Purpose: This paper pursuits the possibilities of applying a mathematical description to the management of a manufacturing process, based on a stream-systemic model. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the planned goal, in order to properly describe the manufacturing system management, six process stream functions were introduced. Non-dimensional flows of these functions in time can be empirically defined during the manufacturing process. They are interpreted as non-dimensional expenses. Maximum values for these functions in properly-managed processes equal one. Also, a global management function was introduced, being a sum of areas of circle sections delineated by functions of the streams and their respective weights. Stream weights in the manufacturing process signify the processes’ roles and importance in the system. The paper also provides a vector representation of a manufacturing process as a sum of stream vectors with their associated weights. Findings: The global function of process management and the process vector provide the possibility to optimize the process, allow for control, and are closely associated with final product quality. The structure of the suggested management functions allows for optimization and process control. It is also strictly associated with manufacturing quality. The presented metrizability method of manufacturing process management can also be applied to the analysis of non-metrisable product manufacturing. Originality/value: The article may be a recommendation for manufacturing companies. The structure of the suggested management functions allows for manufacturing companies optimization, process control and manufacturing quality.
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EN
This paper focuses on the weldability of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), commonly used by the automotive industry and civil engineering. These steels have found application in the construction of mobile platforms mounted on vehicles. AHSS significantly outperform other materials when it comes to performance flexibility and mass reduction potential. This article verifies whether the application of micro-jet cooling technology during the welding process might help to overcome these issues. The aim of this article is to choose welding parameters in the process with micro-jet cooling to obtain the best mechanical properties of the welded structure (elongation). The best welding parameters for these difficult-to-weld constructions are presented in detail.
PL
Praca zawiera metryzowalną propozycję systemowej oceny stanu wykształcenia, reprezentującej pojęcie potencjału edukacyjnego studenta w uczelniach dowolnego typu. Potencjał edukacyjny studenta opisuje wektor, którego składowe stanowią dominujące czynniki w procesie edukacji. Są to: standardy akademickie, efektywność ekonomiczna i przydatność zatrudnienia. Praca zawiera metodologiczne wskazówki konstruowania algorytmów obliczeń parametrów wektora potencjału. Pokazana nowa metryzowalna propozycja oceny zasobu efektów kształcenia i wychowania sprzyja nowym wyzwaniom w zmiennym świecie gospodarki.  
EN
The paper contains a metrisable proposal of education state systemic assessment, representing the notion of student’s educational potential at any type of university. Student’s educational potential is described by a vector, which components are the dominating factors in the process of education. They are: academic standards, economic efficiency, and usefulness of employment. The paper contains methodological guidelines on designing calculation algorithms for parameters of the potential vector. The presented new metrisable proposal for the assessment of education and upbringing effects resource favours new challenges in the varying world of economy.
PL
W artykule analizowano możliwość wykonania prawidłowego złącza mieszanego z dwóch różnych gatunków stali o wysokiej wytrzymałości (S960 MC) ze stalą o podwyższonej granicy plastyczności (S690 QL). Do budowy podestów ruchomych stosuje się coraz częściej różne gatunki stali i wykonuje się z nich złącza jednorodne i mieszane. Celem artykułu jest prawidłowy dobór parametrów do spawania mieszanego złącza elementów podestu ruchomego wykonanego ze stali S690 QL i S960 MC o grubości 6 mm. Postanowiono sprawdzić wpływ parametrów spawania na poprawność wykonanego złącza. Zastosowano różne druty elektrodowe i różne gazy osłaniające. Wykonano badania nieniszczące i niszczące dla sprawdzenia jakości złącza mieszanego.
EN
The article analyzes the possibility of making a correct mixed joint from two different high-strength steel grades (S960 MC) with steel with an increased yield strength (S690 QL). Various grades of steel are increasingly being used to build mobile platforms and homogeneous and mixed joints are made of them. The purpose of the article is the correct selection of parameters for welding the mixed joint of elements of the mobile platform made of steel S690 QL and S960 MC with a thickness of 6 mm. It was decided to check the influence of welding parameters on the correctness of the joint made. Various electrode wires and various shielding gases were used. Non-destructive and destructive tests were performed to check the quality of the mixed joint.
PL
Wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na spajanie trudnospawalnych stali wysokowytrzymałych stosowanych w inżynierii lądowej i w transporcie. Przykładem tego typu konstrukcji mogą być podpory podestu ruchomego. Ważnym materiałem w produkcji podpór podestów ruchomych są stale drobnoziarniste z uwagi na ich dużą wytrzymałość na rozciąganie na poziomie 1000 MPa. Celem prac opisanych w niniejszym artykule było dobranie gazów osłonowych do spawania cienkościennych konstrukcji podpór podestu ruchomego z trudno-spawalnej stali S960 MC.
EN
The demand for welding of hard-welded high-strength steels used in civil engineering and transport is increasing. An example of this type of construction can be movable platform supports. An important material in the production of movable platform supports are fine-grained steels due to their high tensile strength of 1000 MPa. The purpose of this article was to select proper shielding gases for welding thin-walled structures of mobile platform supports made of S960 MC hard-welded steel.
PL
Ostatnio coraz częściej stosowanym materiałem w budowie środków transportu są stale z grupy AHSS (AHSS – Advanced High-Strength Steel) z uwagi na ich dużą wytrzymałość na rozciąganie na poziomie 1500 MPa. Złącza z tych stali są trudnospawalne ze względu na dominującą strukturę martenzytyczną. Celem prac opisanych w artykule jest dobór parametrów do spawania cienkościennych konstrukcji ze stali AHSS na przykładzie stali DOCOL 1400M. Postanowiono sprawdzić wpływ energii liniowej spawania i podgrzewania wstępnego na poprawność wykonanego złącza.
EN
Recently, more and more often used material in the construction of means of transport are steels from the AHSS group (AHSS – Advanced High-Strength Steel) due to their high tensile strength of 1500 MPa. The joints of these steels are difficult to weld due to the dominant martensitic structure. The purpose of the article is to choose the parameters for welding thin structures made of AHSS steel on the example of DOCOL 1400M steel. It was decided to check the influence of preheating and linear energy on the correctness of the joint made.
EN
This paper examines the possibility to improve mixed weldability of pins to mobile platforms. There is an increasing demand for mixed joints made of hard-weldable steel used in civil engineering and the automotive industry. A good example of this is welding of movable platform elements such as a pin to arm joints. The pin is very often made of yield structural steel S690 QL (1.8928), while the arm of the movable platform is mainly made of DOCOL 1400M steel from the AHSS group (advanced high-strength steel). This kind of joint is not easy to manufacture due to the different chemical compositions and thicknesses of both grades of steel. The difference in the thickness of welded elements creates an additional difficulty. The main aim of this article is to determine the most appropriate welding parameters and select additional materials to obtain the correct joint with good mechanical properties, free from welding defects and incompatibilities. This article examines whether the application of micro-jet cooling technology during the welding process might help to overcome these issues. For the first time, micro-jet cooling was not used to weld these grades of steel. The welding parameters and the micro-jet cooling parameters were investigated.
PL
Ważnym materiałem stosowanym w budowie środków transportu są stale z grupy AHSS (AHSS – Advanced High-Strength Steel) z uwagi na ich wysoką granicę plastyczności na poziomie 900 MPa. Złącza z tych stali są trudnospawalne i nie gwarantują porównywalnych własności mechanicznych. Celem prac przedstawionych w artykule jest dobór parametrów do spawania cienkościennych konstrukcji ze stali AHSS na przykładzie stali DOCOL 1200M. Postanowiono sprawdzić wpływ parametrów spawania na poprawność wykonanego złącza.
EN
Recently, more and more often used material in the construction of means of transport are steels from the AHSS group (AHSS – Advanced High-Strength Steel) due to their high yield strength of 900 MPa. The joints of these steels are difficult to weld and can to guarantee good plastic properties. The purpose of the article is to choose the parameters for welding thin structures made of AHSS steel on the example of DOCOL 1200M steel. It was decided to check the welding parameters on the correctness of the joint made.
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EN
This paper focuses on the technical problem of repairing the main operating elements of heavy vehicles (semitrailers, dumps, and drums). If these vehicles are in service, significant changes in work schedules can occur, and costs can be generated immediately. Therefore, using the correct technology for repairs is crucial to minimizing financial and logistic difficulties. The article aims to analyze the mechanical properties of an MMA (Manual Metal Arc) welding (covered electrodes) joint made of Hardox 450 steel. This kind of material has a martensitic microstructure, which is difficult to weld because of changes in the components to the other ones during the joint process. Other inconveniences are related to the different chemical composition of steel and covered electrodes, their mechanical resistance, and thermodynamic conditions (consisting of the pre-heating temperature and the cross-pass temperature). Therefore, the joint quality should be determined using a few methods. In this case, NDT (magnetic and radiographic tests) and DT (microstructural analysis and static as well as fatigue tests) were used. All obtained results have enabled the proposed guides for the MMA welding of the steel grade. This is indicated as follows: (1) the method of bevelling the sheets before welding should be used, (2) pre-heating is necessary at temperature levels of 100 C and 125 C, and (3) the recommended interstitial temperature is between 170 C and 200°C.
EN
Electronic systems are very important part of the automotive industry. Electronic products have high reliability due to the critical functions performed by some of the modern modules. Cyclic mechanical load and vibration are main of the conditions, that the electronic modules are subjected during the transport. In this paper, the main incompatibilities in the internal transport processes of soldering of selected elements for automotive company are presented. The main purpose of the article is to identify the causes of these nonconformities. The source of the cause of nonconformity was determined by means of quality tools and methods: 5 WHY analysis or modified p-FMEA analysis. The results obtained from the presented investigations enable the elaboration solutions for the transport process inside the analyzed company. The presented solutions are the result of eliminating or limiting the amount of nonconformities in the analyzed process. The important expectations of solutions are presented. The proposed solutions are the result of eliminating or limiting the amount of non-conformities in the analyzed process on the soldering line.
PL
Ważnym materiałem stosowanym w budowie środków transportu są stale o podwyższonej wytrzymałości z uwagi na ich wysoką granicę plastyczności na poziomie 900 MPa i wytrzymałość na poziomie 1300 MPa. Złącza z tych stali nie mają porównywalnych własności mechanicznych. Celem artykułu jest prawidłowy dobór parametrów do spawania cienkościennych konstrukcji podestu ruchomego ze stali S690 QL. Postanowiono sprawdzić wpływ parametrów spawania na poprawność wykonanego złącza.
EN
Recently, more and more often used material in the construction of means of transport are high strengths steels due to their high yield strength of 900 MPa, UTS on the level of 1300 MPa. The joints of these steels are dicult to weld and can not guarantee good plastic properties. The purpose of the article is to choose the parameters for welding thin structures made of S690 QL steel. It was decided to check the welding parameters on the correctness of the joint made.
PL
Nieustannie wrasta zapotrzebowanie na spajanie trudno-spawalnych stali wysokowytrzymałych stosowanych w inżynierii lądowej i w transporcie. Ważnym materiałem konstrukcyjnym w budowie środków transportu są stale drobnoziarniste z uwagi na ich dużą wytrzymałość na rozciąganie na poziomie 1250 MPa. Celem niniejszego artykułu było dobranie parametrów termodynamicznych w procesie spawania MAG trudno-spawalnej stali S960 MC. Stale drobnoziarniste, charakteryzują się wysoką wytrzymałością na rozciąganie i granicą plastyczności. Złącza z tych stali są trudnospawalne ze względu na dominującą strukturę martenzytyczną i skomplikowaną procedurę związaną z koniecznością ograniczenia zawartości wodoru w stopiwie. Postanowiono sprawdzić rolę podgrzewania wstępnego i temperatury warstw międzyściegowych na poprawność wykonanego złącza MAG konstrukcji o grubości 8 mm. Sprawdzono udarność złącza i oszacowano zawartość wodoru dyfundującego w stopiwie.
EN
There is growing demand for bonding high-strength steels with a low level of weldability used in civil engineering and transport. Fine-grained steels are an important material for the construction of means of transport due to their high tensile strength of 1000 MPa. The aim of this article was to select thermodynamic parameters for MAG welding of low weldability S960 MC steel. Fine-grained steels demonstrate a high tensile strength and yield point. Joints made using these steels are difficult to weld due to the dominant martensitic structure and the complicated procedure needed to limit hydrogen in the weld. A decision was made to check the impact of preheating and the temperature of interpass layers on the correctness of a MAG joint in a structure 8 mm thick. The impact toughness of the joint has been checked and the content of diffusible hydrogen in the weld estimated.
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EN
Purpose: The study was conducted in order to identify positive and negative factors in the manager's function. The study gives the insight of the management style in the enterprises which is used define the role of the manager. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted by the method of questioning among 12 enterprises. Findings: Research reveals that about 97% of enterprises due to the managerial glitch and by adopting unethical management practice went bankrupt. This evidence reveals the importance of role of the manager in the company. Research limitations/implications: The results of the study show that the presence of a flexible method of management as well as the desire to change is an indicator of effective management. Practical implications: This paper depicts the proper coordination of managers with their subordinates and it can also assist the managers in order to develop their approach towards personal management. Social implications: Building a trusting atmosphere has the potential for effective development of both a manager and a subordinate, thereby leading enterprises to economic growth. However, it should be taken into account that the creation of a trusting culture in an organization requires additional research. Originality/value: The article has cognitive value for managers. The results can be used as a manual for senior managers to manage the team and to build organizational culture.
EN
The paper focuses on modern martensitic steel (Docol 1200M) and its joint manufactured by means of welding process supported by micro-jet cooling for special vehicles’ structures. Docol 1200M is a type of material denoted as AHSS (A- advanced; H - high; S – strength; S - steel) with important material characteristics, which allows the potential to reduce the weight of the construction of transport means. The paper verifies if the use of micro-jet cooling after MAG welding process could help to maintain initial mechanical parameters of special vehicles’ components. The quality of the joining process was checked by nondestructive and destructive tests. Results from tensile tests have enabled capturing the stress-strain curve as well as mechanical parameters and comparison with data of the parent material. Fatigue properties of the weld are described in terms of the fatigue limit and fatigue diagram, presenting fatigue limit as a key mechanical parameter with respect to the application of the joint examined. Testing the fatigue strength of a new steel grade for special vehicles’ structures in the innovative MAG process at micro-jet cooling was treated as the main goal of the study.
PL
Stale z grupy DOCOL charakteryzują się dużą wytrzymałością na rozciąganie i wysoką granicą plastyczności. Złącza z tych stali są trudnospawalne ze względu na dominującą strukturę martenzytyczną i skomplikowaną procedurę związaną z koniecznością ograniczenia zawartości wodoru w stopiwie. Celem artykułu jest dobór prawidłowych parametrów termodynamicznych spawania konstrukcji stosowanych w środkach transportu ze stali DOCOL 1200M. Postanowiono sprawdzić wpływ podgrzewania wstępnego i temperatury warstw międzyściegowych na poprawność wykonanego złącza MAG konstrukcji o grubości 8 mm. Sprawdzono też wytrzymałość złącza i oszacowano zawartość wodoru dyfundującego w stopiwie.
EN
grade steels demonstrate a high tensile strength and yield point. Joints made using these steels are difficult to weld due to the dominant martensitic structure and the complicated procedure needed to limit hydrogen in the weld. This article aims to determine the thermodynamic welding parameters for the construction of transport means made of DOCOL 1200M steel. A decision was made to check how preheating and the temperature of interpass layers impact the correctness of a MAG joint in a structure 8 mm thick. The strength of the joint has been verified and the diffusible hydrogen in the weld estimated.
EN
Both the processes of welding and stamping are becoming increasingly more common in the construction of means of transport. Heavily loaded vehicle components should have good plastic properties so that cracks do not occur under operating conditions. Welded joints often crack, especially when they are subjected to additional treatments, such as stamping. In this article, the possibility of MAG welding (Metal Active Gas) of low-alloy steel using (MJC) micro-jet cooling was checked. Then, the made joints were subjected to a stamping test. Weld metal deposit (WMD) was carried out for the classic MAG process and compared with the modern method using MJC. Joint sand stamping tests of low-carbon and low-alloy steel were carried out. Welding with micro-jet-cooling could be considered promising due to the useful structure of WMD. This structure yields better mechanical properties, i.e. higher impact toughness for subzero service. For the first time, it was decided to check the pressure of the sheets welded with an innovative welding process. Then, the samples obtained by welding were subjected to the process of stamping. The result of stamping of welded sheets was investigated. The results of stamping show that only after correct welding process might the expected mechanical properties be achieved.
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