In this article the author introduces the issue of electronic road toll service, i.e. a system designed to finance road infrastructure costs and to collect road usage fees. The first section looks at the EU legislation and standards concerning collecting road toll. Next, the author introduces various types of road tolls across the EU member states. In the final section various electronic road toll systems are described and compared in terms of various aspects of usage and fares charged.
In this article the author introduces the issue of electronic road toll service, i.e. a system designed to finance road infrastructure costs and to collect road usage fees. The first section looks at the EU legislation and standards concerning collecting road toll. Next, the author introduces various types of road tolls across the EU member states. In the final section various electronic road toll systems are described and compared in terms of various aspects of usage and fares charged.
The authors of the opinion comprehensively discuss the agreement concluded by the European Union, European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom on the terms of trade and cooperation after Brexit and the agreement concluded between the European Union and the United Kingdom concerning security procedures for exchanging and protecting classified information. They present the provisions of individual parts of the agreements, regulating the issues of trade, fisheries, coordination of social systems, customs, visas, law enforcement cooperation and cybersecurity. They assess the impact of the implementation of the agreements. The authors positively assess the wide range of regulations. In their opinion they will reduce the negative effects of Brexit. However they identify some of their shortcomings that need to be removed.
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