This article is devoted to 'genre arabesque' wall decoration embellishing the Dining Room on the ground floor of the White House, the Polish king Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski's summer 'maison de plaisance' in the Lazienki Park in Warsaw. The polychromy was made approximately in 1777 by Jan Bogumil Plersch (1732-1817), the king's painter in ordinary. In formal terms, it appears to be closest to the grotesque decoration of Salone d'Ingresso of Villa Borghese in Rome (1778). The decoration of grotesque motives in the Dining Room of the White House was composed of presentations of the Four Elements, four parts of the world, seasons, zodiak signs and country works related to them. The king's role as of the guarantor of fixed law and order as well as of welfare is undoubtedly the key one in that micro cosmos. The allegories of Four Continents stress the ruler's supremacy. The underlain ideas on the walls of Warsaw interior thus appeal to the problems of power wielding, its ideological foundations and values an ideal monarch goes by. Stanislaus Augustus as a ruler of a collapsing state might have consciously taken pattern by an ideological decoration concept of apartments in the Wilanów Palace that belonged to Jan III Sobieski - the last monarch of a mighty Polish Commonwealth. 6 Illustrations.
One of the fundamental problems of modern geodesy is precise definition of the gravitational field and its changes in time. This is essential in positioning and navigation, geophysics, geodynamics, oceanography and other sciences related to the climate and Earth’s environment. One of the major sources of gravity data is satellite altimetry that provides gravity data with almost 75% surface of the Earth. Satellite altimetry also provides data to study local, regional and global geophysical processes, the geoid model in the areas of oceans and seas. This technique can be successfully used to study the ocean mean dynamic topography. The results of the investigations and possible products of altimetry will provide a good material for the GGOS (Global Geodetic Observing System) and institutions of IAS (International Altimetry Service). This paper presents the achievements in satellite altimetry in all the above disciplines obtained in the last years.
PL
Jednym z podstawowych problemów współczesnej geodezji jest dokładne określenie pola grawitacyjnego i jego zmian w czasie. Ma to zasadnicze znaczenie dla zastosowań w pozycjonowaniu i nawigacji, w geofizyce, geodynamice, oceanografii i innych naukach związanych z klimatem i środowiskiem Ziemi. Jednym z głównych źródeł danych grawimetrycznych jest altimetria satelitarna, która dostarcza dane grawimetryczne z prawie 75% powierzchni globu ziemskiego. Altimetria satelitarna dostarcza również dane do badania lokalnych, regionalnych i globalnych procesów geofizycznych, modelu geoidy na obszarach mórz i oceanów oraz średniej dynamicznej topografii oceanów. Wyniki badań i potencjalne produkty danych altimetrycznych mają stanowić materiał dla Globalnego Geodezyjnego Systemu Obserwacji GGOS (Global Geodetic Observing System) i instytucji IAS (International Altimetry Service).