An extended CPHD (Cardinalised Probability Hypothesis Density) filter for combining multi-target tracking with sensor alignment is proposed. The augmented state is established by appending the sensor biases to the single-target state. The cardinality distribution of the targets and the intensity of the augmented state are propagated by employing Gaussian mixtures. The target states and the sensor biases are jointly estimated. Simulation results show that the proposed filter successfully achieves the sensor alignment and outperforms the standard CPHD filter.
PL
Zaproponowano rozszerzony filtr CPHD do połączenia śledzenia wielu celów z wyrównaniem czujników. Wyrażenia dotyczące pojedynczego celu rozszerzono przez dodanie offsetu czujnika. Moc (kardynalność) rozkładu celów i intensywność rozszerzonego wyrażenia są zrealizowane przez zastosowanie przekształceń Gaussa. Przeprowadzono jednoczesna estymację wyrażeń celu i offsetu czujnika. Wyniki symulacji wykazują, że proponowane rozwiązanie satysfakcjonująco dokonuje wyrównania czujników i wyjściowych parametrów standardowego filtru CPHD.
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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films were prepared by hydrothermal electrochemical method in one-step process. The structural characterization of these films was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and infrared reflectance spectroscopy (IR). It was found that there was an increased sp2 carbon content but decreased sp3 carbon and hydrogen contents with an increase in current density. The flexibility and internal stresses of the DLC films were affected by hydrogen, sp3 amorphous carbon and ordered crystalline sp2 carbon contents. The highly flexible DLC films with high sp3 carbon and hydrogen contents were prepared at a current density of 0.001 mA/cm2.
Our study navigated investigated the metal adsorption ability of bacterial Bacillus cereus strain HM-5 isolated from manganese ore. The effects of pH, initial metal ions concentration, biomass dose, contact time, and temperature on biosorption were studied. The results showed that the biosorption capacity of the B. cereus strain HM-5 for the metallic ions reached up to 98.9% for Mn at 600 mg/L initial metal ion concentration. The biosorptoin was most affected by pH and incubation temperature. Optimal pH and temperature were 6 and 35ºC, respectively. Optimal contact time was 5 d for biosorption by B. cereus strain HM-5. The surface chemical functional groups of B. cereus biomass identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were hydroxyl, alkyl, amide, phosphoryl, and phosphoric acid groups, which may be involved in the biosorption of heavy metals. SEM micrographs indicated that B. cereus HM-5 cells were irregular and cracked with the appearance of wrinkles and many flocs on the surface after Mn stress. The results showed that the selected bacteria had good application prospect in manganese-contaminated soil remediation.
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