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Dystopie Philipa Larkina

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Michalski P.

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nr 4(7)

177-192

EN

This essay sets out to examine the problem of dystopia in the poetry of Philip Larkin. Itmayseematfirstthathispoetryisratherremotelyrelatedtodystopia,especiallyifwe define it as a highly pessimistic narrative, which predicts and depicts the catastrophic state of man kind in the future. However, up on adoption of as lightly more comprehensive definition of dystopia, which defines it as a work of literature describing the subjective feeling of being in a “bad place”, Larkin’s poetry immediately reveals its dystopian dimension. For Larkin, this “bad place” is life itself with its irremediable finitude and inherent imperfection. That is why the bulk of his poetry is profoundly pessimistic. At the same time, Larkin knows that such constant awareness of ultimate pointlessness of life is an impossibility, and people must rely on certain analgesics, whose goal is to make life at least temporarily bearable. Two such pain-relieving strategies analysed in this essay include an effort to forge an intimate relationship with another person, and seeking solace in narratives of religion.

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Co można powiedzieć? Poezja konfesyjna i konfesyjność poezji

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Michalski P.

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nr 25

165-176

EN

This essay probes Miłosz’s attitude to confessional poetry, or rather it examines his stance on confessionalism as a seemingly irremovable element of any poetic utterance. By means of such terms as decorum, the referentiality of poetic language and its usefulness, it demonstrates why Miłosz himself refrained from overtly confessional modes of poetic utterance, drawing too heavily on the poet’s own experiences, which may in turn result in blurred distinctions between biography and literature. One of the reasons why the poet so intensely disliked excessive confessionalism is its intention to describe the speaker’s emotions, while according to the Polish poet, the main task of poetry is to celebrate the dazzling beauty of the outside world, whose existence transcends and surpasses the insignifi cantly small inner world of a troubled psyche. Last but not least, the usefulness of poetry, as Miłosz understood it, is that which enables poems written in diverse countries and epochs to intensify the contemporary reader’s sense of belonging to the large family of the human race.

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Chodzenie do kościoła Philipa Larkina oraz Pusty kościół Ronalda Stuarta Thomasa – przestrzeń agnostyczna i przestrzeń apofatyczna

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Michalski P.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2014

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tom 7

8-20

PL

Literatura angielska może się poszczycić wspaniałą tradycją poezji religijnej – począwszy od wczesnośredniowiecznego poematu The Dream of the Rood poprzez rozkwit w czasie baroku (John Donne, George Herbert) aż po znakomitych twórców modernistycznych (T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden). Niestety, proces postępującej sekularyzacji społeczeństw Europy Zachodniej przyczynił się do znacznego zubożenia czy wręcz atrofii poezji religijnej. Pomimo tych niesprzyjających warunków zdarzają się ciągle twórcy, dla których problematyka religijna ma znaczenie absolutnie podstawowe. Jednym z nich był walijski ksiądz-poeta Ronald Stuart Thomas (1913–2000). Tematem jego obszernego dzieła poetyckiego była kwestia apofatyczności Boga i trudności, z jakimi musi zmierzyć się człowiek próbujący zgłębić tajemnice transcendencji. Niniejszy esej jest analizą jednego tylko utworu Thomasa, w którym porusza on wspomniane powyżej zagadnienia, jako że bohaterem lirycznym wiersza jest samotny człowiek roztrząsający w pustym kościele podstawowe pytania wiary. Czasem problematyka religijna zyskuje niespodziewanych sojuszników. Tak jest w przypadku znanego wiesza Chodzenie do kościoła Philipa Larkina. Choć poeta określał się jako agnostyk, w swych utworach często poruszał kwestie religijne. Podmiotem lirycznym wiersza Chodzenie do kościoła jest jednocześnie alter ego autora, a dwuznaczność jego stosunku do kościoła jako fizycznej budowli oraz do religii w ogóle jest odbiciem analogicznego rozszczepienia w poglądach samego Larkina, który uznawał religię za skazany na zagładę relikt przeszłości, będąc zarazem świadomym jej doniosłości w życiu zarówno jednostki, jak i całych społeczeństw. Analiza tych utworów ukazuje dwa różne punkty widzenia obu poetów na kwestię przestrzeni sakralnych.

EN

English literature prides itself on a splendid tradition of religious verse, starting with the medieval Dream of the Rood, through its flourishing in the Baroque (John Donne, George Herbert) to include eminent modernists (T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden) in the 20th century. Unfortunately, the progress of secularisation in Western Europe has led to a considerable decline of religious verse. Despite these inauspicious conditions, however, one may still encounter poets for whom the problems of religion are of primary importance. One of them was the Welsh priest-poet Ronald Stuart Thomas (1913–2000). One of the main issues of his large oeuvre was the problem of God’s apophatic nature and the difficulties the believers must face in their attempts to probe the mysteries of transcendence. This essay sets out to examine just one poem by Thomas which touches upon the above-mentioned questions. Its lyrical “I” is a solitary man in an empty church, who is grappling with the most fundamental questions of faith. At times, even the least likely writers find they are drawn to religion, and Philip Larkin’s Church Going (1922–1986) is a case in point. Although the poet called himself an agnostic, he did write about religious matters quite frequently. The speaker in this famous poem is an alter ego of the poet himself, while the ambivalence in his views on religion reflects Larkin’s own. It is true that the poet regarded religion as an obsolete relict of the past, but at the same time he recognized its importance both for the individual and for the community. The following analysis of the two poems will briefly present two very different points of view on the question of sacred space.

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A Brief Comment on Intertextuality in Two Poems by Ronald Stuart Thomas

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Michalski P.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2013

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tom 37

EN

There is no abstract available for this language

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„Przebudzenie” Kate Chopin, czyli „amerykańska Bovary”(?)

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Michalski P.

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tom 49

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nr 3

239-254

EN

This article deals with the question of the so-called Bovarism in The Awakening, the famous novel written by Kate Chopin. When it was first published in 1899, it was universally condemned for its alleged obscenity, just like its French predecessor. It is true, however, that unlike Flaubert’s book, The Awakening did not find itself in the dock, faced with charges of immorality, but the hostile reviews condemned the novel to many decades of obscurity. In this article, I try to return to the question of parallels between the two novels, which can be seen on many levels. Some similarities concern both male and female characters, while others are to do with specific narrative decisions and solutions. The most conspicuous example of the latter is the suicidal death of both heroines.

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Ku poetyce chrześcijańskiej, czyli o próbach wyjścia z ziemi jałowej (M. Edwards, Ku poetyce chrześcijańskiej (Towards a Christian Poetics), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Wydawnictwo „Bernardinum”, Gdańsk – Pelplin 2017, ss. 295)

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Michalski P.

Konteksty Kultury

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2018

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tom 15

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nr 3

402-407