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Il Concetto Di Acqua E Alcune Sue Rappresentazioni Linguistiche – Uno Studio Cognitivo

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Malinowska M.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2015

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nr 4

637-648

EN

This paper explores the concept of acqua in Italian on the basis of linguistic data coming from: the Corpus della Repubblica, the Dizionario Treccani, the Dizionario delle collocazioni (Tiberii 2012) and the Dizionario Combinatorio Compatto Italiano (Lo Cascio 2012). First, the following phrases in acqua, sull’acqua and per acqua have been analyzed using image schemas such as: container, surface and path. Second, three conceptual metaphors have been formulated after the analysis of specific metaphoric language in context drawn from the Corpus della Repubblica. The analyzed instances of metaphoric extensions of acqua (source – domain) allow for the understanding of target domains such as: DESTRUCTIVE FORCES, DANGERS and ENEMIES. On the one hand, the research has proven that image schemas structure perceptual experience and consequently the meaning of linguistic expressions such as: in acqua, sull’acqua and per acqua. On the other, it has revealed the importance of conceptual metaphor in shaping the comprehension of the concept of acqua in Italian.

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Insegnamento delle preposizioni in, su, a a discenti di madrelingua polacca (livelli C1 e C2) – uno studio cognitivo

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Malinowska M.

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nr 2

PL

Prepositions are highly polysemous items and for this reason they appear in various semantic and syntactic contexts. As a result, they are very difficult in the process of teaching and learning a foreign language. It is important to know that even very advanced learners of Italian make preposition mistakes (Bagna 2003). Because of this, formal teaching of grammar and explicit correction has been focused on in the present research. The inclusion of explicit grammar teaching (Benucci 1994; Freddi 1999; Balboni 1994, 2012; Bettoni 2009) seems to be essential at advanced levels like C1 and C2 since such levels of proficiency are required for future translators and teachers of Italian as a FL. In this research, Cognitive semantics methodology has been adopted according to the findings by Johnson (1987, 2005) and Lakoff (1987) and Dodge, Lakoff (2005). Image schemas (an inherent part of the methodology) give image schematic answers to the way in which prepositional phrases meaning is built into language. The container schema allows for the interpretation of the unit in, the support and contiguity schema is a tool for interpreting the unit su and the preposition a is modelled by a path schema which highlights a static landmark deprived of shape when the trajector is only localized or an endpoint landmark deprived of shape as well. The same image schemas (seem to be universal perceptive tools valid also in language) provide a basic structure for the Polish equivalents such as: w + loc, na + loc, na + acc, do + gen. Obviously the same conceptualizations in both languages are not frequent. Prepositional landmarks, in fact, reflect different spatial categorizations. The non correspondence of prepositional units in both languages do not mean that the prepositional use is completely unmotivated. This seems motivated with the salience of a particular image schema in a given context. Such clues may result very useful in the process of teaching/learning Italian to Polish speakers as they could sensibilize students to image schematic principles that underlie the semantic interpretation of prepositional units.

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Il ruolo della competenza linguistica nell’acquisizione della competenza comunicativa in italiano come LS (apprendenti di madrelingua polacca livelli C1, C2)

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Malinowska M.

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nr 1

PL

Linguistic Competence and its role in the acquisition of Communicative Competence in Italian as a FL (levels C1 and C2) The paper analyzes the role of linguistic competence in the acquisition of communicative competence in Italian as a FL taught at C1 and C2 levels (romance languages departments). The author of the paper claims that linguistic competence is an essential component of communicative competence as it provides the linguistic resources and cues for constructing a message. The communicative competence, in fact, bridges linguistic knoledge and knoledge of social contexts and allows in such a way to formulate acceptable messages from linguistic and social points of view. However in the author’s opinion lack of linguistic knowledge is a major factor in communication breakdowns. If a student (levels C1 and C2) is sufficiently motivated and wants to achieve an excellent command of Italian, he or she must be able to utilize the repertoire of grammatical and lexical structures in socially strategic ways in order to be properly understood. He or she must not forget that linguistic structures are markers of social status and have a great deal of importance in Intercultural Communication. Thus teaching Italian as a FL at levels C1 and C2 cannot disregard grammar in order to give benefit to purely communicative abilities because not only different pragmatic strategies play a role in the outcome of any interaction.

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Rimodellamento semantico di alcuni italianismi in polacco – uno studio contrastivo

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Malinowska M.

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nr 1

PL

Semantic change in some lexical borrowings from Italian in Polish – contrastive approach This paper analyzes the problem of semantic adaptation of some Italian lexical borrowings in Polish in comparison with Italian source lexemes. The differences in meaning are illustrated not only by definitional evidence from dictionaries but also by citational evidence from the Korpus języka polskiego PWN and the Corpus della Repubblica. The analysis aims at presenting processes of semantic change that Italian lexical borrowings underwent in Polish due to linguistic or extralinguistic factors. The analyzed lexical borrowings from Italian are used with referential value (gastronomic borrowings that undergo the process of specialization), appear as citations naming strictly Italian items (omerta, kamorra), copy the polysemy of the source lexemes (getto, mafia) or undergo semantic generalization and acquire a Polish specific meaning (kawaler) or differ in connotational meaning (faszyzm).

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La preposizione a e alcuni suoi corrispettivi polacchi –uno studio cognitivo

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Malinowska M.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2017

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nr 3

317-330

EN

The analysis of the Italian preposition a in spatial contexts (static or dynamic) leads to the conclusion that this unit engenders path schema interpretation (source – path – goal) in whatever context it appears. In dynamic contexts path schema highlights the final location of a trajector that has moved along a path built up into the verb stem. In static contexts the location of a trajector is visualized as situated at a point of the path where previuos movement has stopped (suspended motion). In both cases the landmark is approximately idealized as a point i.e. it is shapeless. This characteristic renders the unit a a flexible semantic tool apt to be used in spatial and metaphorical contexts. The Polish equivalents of a phrases in Italian are the following: w+loc, na+loc, nad+instr, do+gen, na+acc, nad+acc, o+loc and bare dative. They all involve the path schema combined with other image schemas such as: container schema, surface, verticality and endpoint (recipient) schema. In Polish the schematic meaning is conveyed not only by prepositional units and verbs but also by inflectional case governed by prepositions. Usually such a case is convergent with dynamic (accusative, genitive) or static (locative, instrumental) predication.

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La preposizione su e alcuni suoi corrispettivi polacchi – uno studio cognitivo

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Malinowska M.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2020

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nr 1

40-52

PL

Z analizy włoskiego przyimka su w kontekstach przestrzennych wynika, że przyimek ten może być interpretowany poprzez schemat wyobrażeniowy przyległości i podpory. Podpora przywołuje pojęcie powierzchni i kontaktu. W kontekstach przestrzennych trajektor jest wizualizowany jako przylegający do powierzchni landmarka, percepcyjnie nieistotne są granice landmarka, nawet jeśli w realnym świecie mają określoną formę. Granice płaszcyzny, które są percepcyjnie rozmyte, pozwalają na użycie czasowe przyimka su w znaczeniu przybliżonej lokalizacji w czasie. Polskie odpowiedniki to następujące konstrukcje: na+loc, na+acc, po+loc, około(koło)+gen. Struktury na+loc, na+acc są interepretowane poprzez ten sam schemat podpory i przyległości. Konstrukcja po+loc przywołuje dwa schematy wyobrażeniowe: ścieżki oraz podpory i przyległości. Konteksty czasowe wymagają konstrukcji około(koło)+gen, interpretowanej przez schemat blisko – daleko. Przyimek ten przywołuje obraz koła, będącego percepcyjną idealizacją, z landmarkiem zlokalizowanym wewnątrz i trajektorem w przybliżonej odległości od landmarka. W języku polskim schematyczne znaczenie wynika z przyimka i przypadka morfologicznego wymaganego składnią rządu. Taki przypadek jest kompatybilny ze statyczną (miejscownik, dopełniacz) lub dynamiczną (biernik) predykacją.

EN

The analysis of the Italian preposition su in spatial contexts (static, involving undirectional movement or dynamic) leads to the conclusion that su engenders support and contiguity schema interpretation in whatever context it appears. The term support implies terms such as surface and contiguity (contact). In both static and dynamic contexts the location of a trajector is visualized as contigously situated on the surface of the landmark. In both cases the landmark is an idealized plane whose boundaries are perceptively unimportant in a given configuration, even though in the real world they are clearly cut. The boundaries, which are not focalized, render possible the temporal uses of the unit su with the meaning of an approximate location in time. The Polish equivalents of su phrases are the following: na+loc, na+acc, po+loc, około(koło)+gen. The structures na+loc, na+acc involve the support and contiguity schema. The construction około(koło) +gen can be analyzed with near – far schema and applies to the approximate location in space and time in Polish. The schematic meaning is conveyed not only by prepositional units but also by inflectional case governed by prepositions. Usually such a case is convergent with dynamic (accusative) or static (locative, genitive) predication.

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