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1 Prace i Studia Geograficzne

1 2001

1 Jadoa A. B.

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Wpływ czynników geograficznych na klimat Iraku

100%

Jadoa A. B.

Prace i Studia Geograficzne

2001

tom 28

The paper, having a methodological-cognitive character, proposes the empirical formulae for the spatial distribution of both air temperature (T, Tmax, T min, A) and precipitation over the area of Iraq, along with their dependence upon the geographical co-ordinates and the altitude above the sea level. The most important results presented include the equations of regression lines and hyperplanes expressing the dependence of the meteorological elements (air temperature and precipitation) upon the latitude (φ) and longitude (λ), and the altitude above the sea level (H). Before the consideration of the primary subject of the paper an analysis was presented of the periodical changes in air temperature and precipitation over the period 1941-1980 at the selected weather stations. Air temperature is characterised by a much smaller year-to-year variability in comparison with precipitation. Thus, for instance, in Baghdad, the range of fluctuations of the average air temperature over the entire period of four decades is 2.8°C (between 24.2°C in 1960 and 21.4°C in 1974 and 1976). On the other hand, the range variability of annual precipitation sums is at 252 mm (between 324 mm in 1953 and 72 mm in 1952). The research cycle closes with the comparison of the geographical gradients of the meteorological variables in the tropical latitudes (Iraq) and in the moderate ones (Poland). According to the equations of the regression hyperplane the values of air temperature in the two countries display a decrease as the latitude increases. Exceptions are observed in July and August, when in Iraq the values of temperature gradients with respect to the latitude are positive. The values of temperature gradients with respect to the longitude during the year are positive, with the temperature increasing in Poland towards the East only between April and August (inclusive), and a decrease in this direction observed in the remaining months. Bath in Poland and in Iraq air temperature displays a decrease with the increase of altitude above the sea level, irrespective of the season of the year. Between March and December the decrease is bigger in Poland than in Irag. In case of precipitation the values of gradients in Iraq suggest their increase along with the increase of the latitude in all the raining months. Such a situation takes place only in August and then between October and December. During the remaining months the decrease of the precipitation sums towards the North is observed. During the entire raining season the sums of precipitation in Iraq increase in the eastern direction. The tendency in Poland quite opposite, except for the period between June and August, and in October. The hypsometric gradients of the annual sums of precipitation are positive both in Iraq and in Poland during the whole year, though in Iraq the biggest increase of precipitation with altitude takes place in the Spring, while in Poland - in the Summer.