Standardized processes are important for correctly carrying out activities in an organization. Often the procedures they describe are already in operation, and the need is to understand and formalize them in a model that can support their analysis, replication and enforcement. Manually building these models is complex, costly and error-prone. Hence, the interest in automatically learning them from examples of actual procedures. Desirable options are incrementality in learning and adapting the models, and the ability to express triggers and conditions on the tasks that make up the workflow. This paper proposes a framework based on First-Order Logic that solves many shortcomings of previous approaches to this problem in the literature, allowing to deal with complex domains in a powerful and flexible way. Indeed, First-Order Logic provides a single, comprehensive and expressive representation and manipulation environment for supporting all of the above requirements. A purposely devised experimental evaluation confirms the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution.
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This work focusses on the problem of clustering resources contained in knowledge bases represented throughmulti-relational standard languages that are typical for the context of the SemanticWeb, and ultimately founded in Description Logics. The proposed solution relies on effective and language-independent dissimilarity measures that are based on a finite number of dimensions corresponding to a committee of discriminating features, that stands for a context, represented by concept descriptions in Description Logics. The proposed clustering algorithm expresses the possible clusterings in tuples of central elements: in this categorical setting, we resort to the notion of medoid, w.r.t. the given metric. These centers are iteratively adjusted following the rationale of fuzzy clustering approach, i.e. one where the membership to each cluster is not deterministic but graded, ranging in the unit interval. This better copes with the inherent uncertainty of the knowledge bases expressed in Description Logics which adopt an open-world semantics. An extensive experimentation with a number of ontologies proves the feasibility of our method and its effectiveness in terms of major clustering validity indices.
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A framework for theory refinement is presented pursuing the efficiency and effectiveness of learning regarded as a search process. A refinement operator satisfying these requirements is formally defined as ideal. Past results have demonstrated the impossibility of specifying ideal operators in search spaces where standard generalization models, like logical implication or q-subsumption, are adopted. By assuming the object identity bias over a space defined by a clausal language ordered by logical implication, a novel generalization model, named OI-implication, is derived and we prove that ideal operators can be defined for the resulting search space.
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