Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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Ceremoniał dyplomatyczny na dworze angielskim w negocjacjach z Rzecząpospolitą w XVII wieku

100%

Maciejewski P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2005

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nr 79

7-26

EN

The article is an attempt to depict the ceremony which existed within the courtly-diplomatic relationships between Poland and England in the limes of Elisabeth I, James I and Charles I, and to show its role. The paper is based on such sources as the accounts of legations to England by Paweł Działyński (1597), Jerzy Ossoliński (1621) and Jan Zawadzki (1633). Some inside information was taken from the accounts or private travel of Jakub Sobieski (1609). The ceremony at the English court, similarly as in other capital cities visited by our diplomats, was not only essential for the international relationships and enabled contacts between countries in general, but it also ensured achieving the most important thing in politics - the compromise. Besides that, it served harmonious coexistence and secured comfort in any actions. I here was on condition for that of course: both sides should properly receive the signals given (e.g. gestures, greetings, speeches, toasting, feasts, gifts and tokens, etc.). The only visible difference between the two sides would be the outside difference e.g. in clothing. The above can be proved by the fact that Polish diplomats, equipped with instructions, letters from the country and the knowledge gained, could easily manage the relationships with the royalty and high range English diplomats. Polish diplomats didn’t find it difficult to adjust to the local customs (with the exception of the unprecedented case of Działyński).

2

Z dziejów polsko-angielskich stosunków dyplomatycznych w I połowie XVII wieku

100%

Maciejewski P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2007

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nr 81

29-53

EN

A researcher undertaking the eflort to study the history of Polish-English diplomatic relations in the first half of the 17th century may use only a few doubtfully meritorious sources, that is some memoirs written by our members of parliament (e.g. by Paweł Działyński 1597, Jerzy Ossoliński 1621, Jan Zawadzki 1633) and travellers (e.g. Jakub Sobieski 1609). A careful study of those memoirs allows one to answer the fundamental question: what was the role that England played in Polish politics and what was the role of Polish Republic in English politics in the times of ‘the silver age’ (the 17th century)? What are the conclusions? The reign of James I was the best period of Polish-English relations although it was only Polish Republic that benefited from it. Charles Stuart’s succession to the throne brought about the change in the relations with Polish Republic. The scenario of Polish-English political games was hardly written into the politics; politics written with capital ‘P’ (e.g. negotations in Altmark). Poland would estimate the mutual relations taking into consideration the conflicts with neighbouring countries, Turkey and Sweden; England would consider the economy (the Eastland Company) and the matters of the Palatine of Rhine. One cannot help the impression that those mutual relations were peripheral to the grand politics and they could not turn out to be decisive or determining for any of the two countries. Such was the case with the matrimonial policy, i.e. the plan of getting Princess Elisabeth Stuart, James I’s daughter, married to Prince Wladyslaw, the son of Zygmunt III (Sigismundus). The question whether Poland and England could politically do without each other still remains a rhetorical one.

3

Is Gall-Bladder Polyp Equivalent to Cancer? An Analysis of Material From 1196 Cholecystectomies - A Comparison of the Ultrasound and Histopathological Results

63%

Maciejewski P. , Strzelczyk J.

Polish Journal of Surgery

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2015

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tom 86

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nr 5

218-222

EN

Polyps of the gall-bladder has long been a serious diagnostic problem. Their detection in routine ultrasound is not yet satisfactory and often does not allow you to select the proper method of operating the gall-bladder. The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gall-bladder through its verification by histopathology in patients treated with cholecystectomy. Material and methods. In the years 2010-2013, 1196 patients underwent surgery due to diseases of the gall-bladder at the Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Medical University in Łódź. The study evaluated the sensitivity of ultrasound in detecting polyps of the gallbladder and histopathological findings of the formulations investigated. Results. Preoperative ultrasound examination (USG) revealed a polypoid lesion in 64 patients; only in 29 of them (44.6%) this diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. In the other cases, cholecystolithiasis or inflammatory lesions were found. The most common histopathological findings included cholesterol polyps, adenomatous polyps, and inflammatory polyps. Malignant lesions (gall-bladder cancer) were found in five patients preoperatively diagnosed with a polypoid lesion, i.e 7.8% of patients preoperatively diagnosed with a polyp and 0.4% of all patients who received surgical treatment. Patients qualified for surgery due to polyps diagnosed by means of ultrasound examination constitued 5.4% of all patients who underwent cholecystectomy. On histopathological examination, the presence of polyps was confirmed in 2.4% patients treated with excision of the gall-bladder. Conclusions. Detection of gall-bladder polyp on ultrasound examination is an indication for cholecystectomy, in particular when the polyp diameter exceeds 10 mm. In each case of a polyp, cholecystolithiasis should also be taken into account and the presence (or absence) of indications for cholecystectomy should be discussed with the patient