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EN
In the wake of the annexation of the Polish eastern territories by the Red Army in 1939, and the establishment of temporary councils, 'national property' was entrusted to the 'protection' of the new authorities. Already during the first stage of the occupation republican Party and administrative bodies of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic and the Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic prepared lists of enterprises to be nationalised. 'Sessions' held by the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia (the end of October 1939) announced that all land, forests, rivers and lakes were to become state property. They also proclaimed a nationalisation of banks, large industry, mines and the railway. For all practical purposes, the nationalisation of factories and enterprises had been inaugurated already at the end of September 1939 and lasted until the spring of 1940. Nationalisation encompassed all, not only 'large' enterprises, including communal ones, and thus was much wider than the range indicated 'by the will of the people' expressed in the resolutions passed by the People's Assemblies. Alltold, some 4 000 industrial enterprises were nationalised. Cooperatives and the crafts were gradually included into the system of the Soviet artels. State and cooperative banks were taken over just as rapidly. The liquidation of private trade was carried out gradually, to the spring of 1941, and was associated with a simultaneous creation of a state trade network. Finally, nationalisation also embraced the health service, insurance companies, the railway and communication. The same model of nationalisation was applied in the region of Vilno, annexed by the Soviet Union in the summer of 1940. Political decisions made 'at the top' led to the appropriation of property in the occupied territories of the Second Republic by resorting to administrative methods, repression and various forms of pressure used in relation to private owners. Nationalisation proved to be rather uncomplicated since in contrast to other parts of the country the Polish eastern territories did not represent concentrated economic potential. The value of the appropriated (lost) property is inestimable.
EN
Before the nineteenth century, a nation’s land forces determined the power of its military; during the nineteenth century it was the sea powers that were dominant. In the twentieth century, air power asserted itself and continues to dictate supremacy. In the twenty-first century, according the US Air Force General Merrill A. McPeak, control of space assets will be the primary measure of a nation’s power. The launching of the first rocket, the German V-2, by German scientist Werner Von Braun on October 3, 1942, and the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, had started the race to put things up in space. Since then, numerous nations around the world have become increasingly aware of the myriad possibilities outer space provides for enhancing many different aspects of life on earth. While there are many so-called “peaceful” applications of technology in space such as weather and communication satellites, and numerous scientific experiments, there are also considerable military applications of space-based technology, and these have been increasing rapidly in the last couple of decades. There are currently more than 30 states involved in space activities, but the US is ahead of the competition. The US military already has a significant presence in space, operating at least 100 critical military satellites, and space has been used to provide everything from reconnaissance to telecommunications to weather information.
EN
The original 'Prawda Wilenska' (Vilnius Truth) was published in July 1940 by the Vilnius Country Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party as a propaganda mouthpiece for Soviet authorities during the campaign period preceding elections to the People's Parliament of Lithuania.
EN
Forty-five years ago, a top-secret U.S. spy satellite code-named CORONA snapped a series of grainy, black-and-white photographs of selected missile sites in the Soviet Union. It was a difficult, high-risk mission that brought back the world's first pictures from space. Since that day, the nature of warfare has fundamentally altered. Meeting our military objectives increasingly hinges on what is called „information dominance”, with space playing a crucial role. The greatest source of information is intelligence that comes from space assets in the form of photographs, signals, communication intercepts, and other valued pieces of information. Satellite reconnaissance, America’s „eyes in the sky”, has become an integral part of its military doctrine.
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PL
Celem pracy było określenie czynników wpływających na trwałość fizykochemiczną piwa. Omówiono, na podstawie przeglądu literatury źródłowej, wybrane aspekty wpływu białek, polifenoli, węglowodanów, izo-alfa-kwasów i lipidów na trwałość koloidalną piwa. Opisano główne przyczyny powstawania zmętnień w piwie. Zaprezentowano metody oceny i różne sposoby poprawy trwałości koloidalnej piw.
EN
The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing physical and chemical stability of beer. Selected aspects of the influence of proteins, polyphenols, carbohydrates, iso-alpha acids and lipids on the beer colloidal stability are discussed on the basis of the literature review. The main causes of haze in beer are described. Assessment methods and various ways to improve the colloidal stability of beers are presented.
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