Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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W środku paradnej tarczy. Ciekawy grób z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Czersku, pow. piaseczyński

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Czarnecka K.

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tom 60

35-44

EN

An urn grave 93 from cemetery of the Przeworsk culture was furnished with opulent set of arms: a sword, two spearheads and shield fittings, all ritually destroyed according to burial custom of the Przeworsk culture. A shield-boss, of type Jahn 7, has broken spike. Bronze rivets, coated with silver sheet are flattened. Inside the boss were stored small objects, a not rare phenomenon in the Przeworsk culture. A shield grip, of type Jahn 8, has rectangular bronze plates covered with thin layer of silver, with small silver studs, and decorative rosettes. Crests separating rivet plates from a handle are covered with silver sheet, and decorated with filigree plait. A big number of iron U-shaped edge mountings, elaborately destroyed, allows a cautious reconstruction of a shield-form – it should be rectangular/oval. An evidence, that shields of such shape were used in the Przeworsk culture, could be finds of miniature shields (e.g. Siemiechów, grave 46). Some analogies are also outside the Przeworsk culture, e.g. preserved in situ shield from grave 19 in Hunn, Norway. Grave 93 is dated to phase B2 of the Roman Period. All finds have no traces of fire, so they weren’t put on the pyre but were deposited directly in grave pit. A shield was disfigured. Edge mountings were irregularly dispersed in grave pit, some pieces were inside shield boss. They must be torn away from the shield planks. A shield boss was deposited more then 40 cm apart from the grip. The urn were placed in the middle.

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Materiały z cmentarzyska płaskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, woj. wielkopolskie w zbiorach PMA

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Czarnecka K.

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nr 55

209-218

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains materials from a cemetery at Łęg Piekarski, Great Poland (Wielkopolska), originating both from chance finds as well as from brief but methodical research conducted in 1936 by Z. Durczewski. Unfortunately, substantial gaps in the documentation, loss of many of the original labels and the fact that grave inventories may have been mixed up when already in storage seriously hinder the reconstruction of the original grave assemblages. Establishing the actual number of graves is additionally made difficult by the fact that a cemetery of the Cloche Grave culture was also found on the same site, as confirmed also by 1975–77 investigation by K. Jażdżewski. In his publication E. Petersen listed - apart from finds originating from a “princely” grave – an Early Roman Period urned grave labelled as no. 1, and only a part of material originating from other cremation graves in storage at the State Archaeological Museum (E. Petersen 1940, 50, 51). Petersen nowhere explains what principles guided his selection of material for publication. At present the State Archaeological Museum collection contains the following materials: 1. Fragments of a Cloche Grave Culture urn defined as belonging to grave 1 (original label); 2. Finds identified as inventory of grave 2 (according to labels copied in the 1970s) include: an urn (Fig. 1a), a bowl (Fig. 1e), a cup (Fig. 1f), a vessel (Fig. 1g), an iron fibula similar to type A.76 (Fig. 1b), an iron single-edged sword (Fig. 2f), a fragment of an iron scabbard (Fig. 2k), an iron spur, so-called Stuhlsporn (Fig. 1d), two iron lance-points (Fig. 2c,d), a fragment of another iron point (Fig. 2e), an iron knife with a bronze hilt plate (Fig. 1c), two fragments of iron shears (Fig. 2b), two fragments of an iron mounting (Fig. 2i,j), two iron rivets (Fig. 2g,h), a frame of a bronze buckle, slightly deformed in fire (Fig. 1h), a fragment of an iron fitting (Fig. 2a) and numerous fragments of considerably damaged iron objects; 3. Grave 3 (original label) is represented only by lumps of melted bronze. The “princely” grave, labelled as grave IIa, contained fragments of a cup (Fig. 5a) and of glossy black vessels (Fig. 5b–e, 6a,b,f,h,i). Several score uncharacteristic pottery fragments, including a Cloche Grave Culture vessel, had been recovered, according to the labels, from ditches 1–4 and 8–10 (Fig. 6c–e,g). Artifacts originating from undetermined finds included two iron scabbard clasps (Fig. 3i, j), iron shears (Fig. 3a), a spike of an iron spur (Fig. 3h), a fragment of a bottom of a bronze vessel, mouth fragment of a bronze vessel (Fig. 3b), a fragment of a sheet bronze hoop (Fig. 3c), fragments of a bronze vessel damaged in fire, two ornamental bronze discs (Fig. 3d,e), two bronze rivets, presumably belonging to the ornamental discs (Fig. 3f), fragment of an iron tendril fibula (Fig. 3g) and a Marcus Aurelius denarius (A. Kietlińska 1957, 282). Moreover, the State Archaeological Museum contains materials from a flat cemetery published by E. Petersen (labels copied in the 1970s). To summarise, it may be said that the site at Łęg Piekarski included a Cloche Grave Culture cemetery and a burial ground of the Przeworsk Culture but the number of graves in the cemetery in question remains virtually unknown. K. Jażdżewski also identified several graves during his investigation of the site (K. Jażdżewski 1978, 128). The material from cremation graves is dated almost without exception to phases B1 and B2 of the Roman Period. This makes them contemporary with “princely” graves. Finds dating from the Pre-Roman Period are not in evidence even among stray finds recovered from trial trenches. This suggests the lack of continuity between the cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture and that of the Przeworsk Culture. The latest material includes a bronze fibula type A.162 dated to phase C1b–C2 and a fragment of an iron tendril fibula, which may be dated generally to the Late Roman Period.

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Od Kompendium Katechizmu Kościoła katolickiego do YOUCAT. Uwagi o modelach pytań katechizmowych

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Czarnecka K.

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nr 33

EN

A common feature of the researched publications: Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (2005) and YOUCAT. Youth Catechism of the Catholic Church (2011), being a form of popularization of Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), is a return to the traditional catechism composition based on blocks consisting of questions and answers. The purpose of the article is to analyze the questions used on YOUCAT pages. The analysis covers three aspects: 1. the status of catechism questions, 2. their typology, and 3. selected characteristics, such as the presence of presupposition, diversification of originator-recipient relations, and stylistic heterogeneity. The author draws conclusions regarding the servile, didactic and persuasive function of dialogue forms, qualifies catechism questions as only seeming questions and describes their linguistic specificity, boiling down to the use of several schematic solutions.

PL

Jednym z założeń, towarzyszących ogłoszonemu w 1992 roku Katechizmowi Kościoła katolickiego, jest powstanie opracowań doktrynalnych przeznaczonych dla zawężonego kręgu odbiorców. Przykładem publikacji o charakterze popularyzatorskim są m.in. Kompendium Katechizmu Kościoła katolickiego (wyd. 2005) oraz YOUCAT. Katechizm Kościoła katolickiego dla młodych (wyd. 2011, wierny przekład z języka niemieckiego). Pozycje te łączy powrót do tradycyjnej kompozycji katechizmowej, opartej na blokach składających się z pytania i odpowiedzi (z formy tej zrezygnowano w Katechizmie Kościoła katolickiego). Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza pytań, zastosowanych na kartach YOUCAT, obejmująca 3 aspekty: (1) status pytań katechizmowych, (2) ich typologię oraz (3) wybrane cechy charakterystyczne, takie jak obecność presupozycji, zróżnicowanie relacji nadawczo-odbiorczych oraz niejednorodność stylistyczna. Autorka wysuwa wnioski dotyczące służebnej, dydaktycznej i perswazyjnej funkcji form dialogowych, kwalifikuje pytania katechizmowe jako pozorne i opisuje ich językową specyfikę, sprowadzającą się do korzystania z kilku schematycznych rozwiązań.

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O niektórych schematach w internetowej autoprezentacji żeńskich zgromadzeń zakonnych

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Czarnecka K.

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nr 34

35-46

EN

The article aims at finding repetitive content and formal elements visible on the websites of female religious congregations in Poland. These websites are a form of media self-presentation of religious communities, they serve informational purposes and, indirectly, the creation of the image of the congregations. The research covered 93 websites of congregations participating in the Conference of Senior Superiors of Religious Congregations. The author distinguishes 4 aspects of the message that add up to the schemes of self-presentation: 1. basis of identification of the community, 2. areas of self-description, 3. invitation to contact, 4. multimedia. The author indicates a relationship between the presumed collective originator and the undefined recipient of the internet message as a probable cause of the predictable structure of the websites analyzed.

PL

Celem artykułu jest odszukanie powtarzalnych elementów treściowych i formalnych, widocznych na stronach internetowych żeńskich zgromadzeń zakonnych w Polsce. Strony te są formą medialnej autoprezentacji wspólnot zakonnych, służą informacji, a pośrednio – kreacji wizerunku zgromadzeń. Badaniami objęto 93 strony internetowe zgromadzeń, uczestniczących w Konferencji Wyższych Przełożonych Żeńskich Zgromadzeń Zakonnych. Autorka wyodrębnia 4 aspekty przekazu, składające się na schematy autoprezentacji: 1. podstawy identyfikacji wspólnoty, 2. obszary autocharakterystyki, 3. zaproszenie do kontaktu, 4. multimedialność. Jako prawdopodobną przyczynę przewidywalnej struktury analizowanych stron głównych wskazuje się relację między zakładanym zbiorowym nadawcą a niedookreślonym odbiorcą komunikatu internetowego.

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Oblinie, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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tom LIV

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nr 54

89-100

EN

A cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Oblin, site 5, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie is located on a small elevation extended on N-S line, by the edge of the flood terrace of the old Vistula riverbed. It is possible that, in the time of use, bogs or floodwaters surrounded the cemetery. The cemetery is completely explored; 308 cremation graves, both pit and urn graves were found there. The earliest graves furnished with brooches type H, short brooches type B and type J can be dated to the phase A2 (Fig. 1–3). Very interesting is lack of the type K brooches, quite common in the other Przeworsk culture cemeteries of that time. Graves from the phase A3 produced vast amount of brooches type M (Fig. 4c). More significant finds from the Pre-Roman Period are swords, in a few cases found with ornamented scabbards (Fig. 5). Brooches type A.68 and A.236, shield grips with profiled rivet plates and shield bosses type J.6 (Fig. 7) and one-edged swords with narrow blade represent phase B1. Graves dated to that phase are not numerous, what suggests that on the cemetery in Oblin phase B1 lasted for relatively short time. Quite common for next phase B2, are iron trumpet-brooches with silver inlaid decoration (Fig. 9), and massive iron brooches of Almgren group V, with a crest. Very odd form presents an S-form brooch with an imitation of ahinged construction (Fig. 8a). Very significant for this cemetery is almost complete lack of bracelets and pendants; beads or melted glass clumps are also very rare. Weapon finds are, on the contrary, quite numerous. Most interesting among them is a an imported Roman sword ornamented with inlaid figure of Mars, and 3 unique barbed spearheads with extra barb on the edge of the socket. The latest finds – brooches of Almgren’s series 1, group V, variant 5 of trumpet brooches and Mazovian variant of Almgren’s group IV are connected with the very end of the phase B2 or perhaps phase B2/C1. Big, rectangular pits, even 2 m long, with very dark grave fill were atypical grave form in the phases A2 and A3. At the bottom often lays a layer of broken fragments of pottery. An urn, often covered with a bowl, or other big vessel, was usually placed in the corner. Pit graves were much more frequent then urn graves in phase B1, however, urn graves dominated in the phase B2. Grave pits are smaller, with brown, or light brown grave fill, sometimes even difficult to distinguish. Brown, coarse urns are much more frequent then black, polished 3-handle urns typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Oblin, especially, from the early Roman Period differ from typical cemeteries of the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture such as Kamieńczyk or Nadkole and are closer to the finds known from the region on the other side of the Vistula river. It seems possible that the settlement of the people using the cemetery at Oblin could be placed on the western bank of the Vistula river.

6

Spatha z Konina-Kurowa

51%

Czarnecka K. , Gorczyca K. , Schellner K.

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nr 69

190-196

EN

An iron sword was found during the deepening of the Warta river bed in the mid-1960s. It was recovered from the river at the level of the former village of Kurów, presently a district of Konin (Fig. 1). The artefact is stored in the District Museum in Konin. The artefact was preserved in a good condition (Fig. 2). Its total length is 87.3 cm (originally 90 cm). The blade is double edged, tapering slightly towards the point. The cross-section is faceted, almost flat near the point. The flats are even. The cut of the edges is flat. The point is short, beveled into a sharp arc. The length of the blade is 78.6 cm; the length of the point is 5.3 cm; the width of the blade at the hilt is 5.3 cm; the width of the blade at the point is 4.3 cm. The blade corresponds to type B.II.1, cross-section type 11 in the classification of M. Biborski (Fig. 3), and the sword itself represents type Ejsbøl-Sarry, subtype 2 (M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006, p. 259–271, fig. 117). Macroscopic observations (Fig. 5, 6) and a X-ray photo (Fig. 4) indicate that the pattern welding technique was used in making the blade. The ratio of the length of the blade to the hilt and the location of the center of gravity indicate that the sword was intended mainly for fighting from horseback. The most numerous finds of swords of the type Ejsbøl-Sarry come from the bog deposits in southern Scandinavia (Illerup and Ejsbøl), but they are also known from the territory of the Przeworsk Culture. Their chronology is quite wide. The earliest specimens found as it happens at the sites of the Przeworsk Culture are dated to the phase C2. The vast majority, however, comes from a later period – phase D. The stray find of the sword from Konin-Kurów should be associated with the Przeworsk Culture and dated generally to the phase C2–D. It is noteworthy that the sword from Konin-Kurów was found in a river. In the case of individual objects found in lakes or rivers, it is difficult to establish unequivocally whether we are dealing with an accidental loss, e.g., during a crossing, or with a sacrificial deposit.