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2 Trends in Sport Sciences

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Training-induced changes in morphological and motor parameters in female football players

100%

Lewandowski A. , Hrakowiak H. , Kozicka M. , Klimek W. , Piekorz Z.

nr 2

Aim of Study. The aim of this study was to analyse morphological and motor changes in young elite female football players during preparatory phase of a yearly training cycle. We assumed that preparatory phase in football training causes a decrease in body fat mass, increase in body weight, particularly in muscle mass of lower limbs, as well as an improvement in motor skills, endurance and speed. Methods. The study included elite female football players from KKP MAX-Sprint Bydgoszcz team. Their basic morphological parameters, including body composition and physical performance expressed by outcomes of flexibility, static and explosive strength, speed and endurance EUROFIT battery tests, were documented at two time points: beginning and end of preparatory phase of a yearly training cycle. Data. The Shapiro-Wilk test (assessment of the distribution of variables), Student t-test (assessment of the significance of the dependent variables’ differences) and Mollison’s index (assessment of the scope of changes of the variables tested) were used. The threshold of statistical significance for all tests was set at 0.05. Results. Morphological changes were manifested mainly by an increase body weight (D = 0.78 kg, p = 0.012) including protein content (D = 0.15 kg, p = 0.005) and in body fluid volume (D = 0.33, p = 0.032) and fat-free mass, particularly in lower limbs (for the right leg D = 0.12 l, p = 0.003; for the left leg D = 0.10 l, p = 0.006). Motor changes were manifested by an improved speed agility (D = 2.79 s, p = 0.000), flexibility (D = 6.25 cm, p = 0.000), explosive strength (D = 8.67 cm, p = 0.001) and static strength (D = 3.00 kG, p = 0.016). Conclusions. A significant increase in muscle mass and speed suggests that football training exerts specific, desirable effects on morphological and motor characteristics in female players. Preparatory phase in football training does not result in unfavourable changes in morphological and motor characteristics in female players.

Functional mobility and flexibility in young female swimmers

86%

Piekorz Z. , Lewandowski A. , Radziminska A. , Weber-Rajek M. , Siedlaczek M. , Lulinska-Kuklik E. , Moska W.

nr 1

Introduction. Swimming has become a very popular form of physical activity mainly due to its wholesome influence on the human body. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of swimming training on the functional mobility and flexibility of young female swimmers. It is believed that swimming has a beneficial impact on the basic flexibility and functional mobility parameters. Material and Methods. Nine young female swimmers, members of the swimming team from 5th Secondary Sport School in Bydgoszcz took part in the study. The girls’ functional mobility and flexibility in were determined twice the sagittal plane with the use of the FMS test and “Eurofit” test, respectively. The bend of the torso in the frontal plane was also assessed. The differences in results were measured with Student’s t-test, and the value of changes was determined using the Mollison index. Results. A slight increase in the final FMS test result was noted in the second examination, compared with the first one: from 16.88 ± 1.76 to 17.22 ± 2.28. In 25-35% of cases the risk of overloading muscles as well as the positive impact of training on flexibility levels in the sagittal and frontal planes (during a bend to the left) was detected: from 26.44 ± 9.73 to 29.66 ± 7.92, and from 23.33 ± 2.45 to 25.11 ± 3.18, respectively. The Mollison index revealed the most positive results in the rotational stability of the torso (1.65) and the range of the lateral bend to the left (0.73), while negative values were only found in the in-line lunge and chest mobility range (–0.42). Conclusions. The results of the study confirm that swimming training has a positive impact on the body of young swimmers (increased mobility and flexibility). It is of vital importance to undertake further research on the effects of swimming on the mobility of the human body.