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CORPORATE DEBT AND CRISIS SEVERITY IN EUROPE

100%

Niemczak K.

nr 1

35-43

The aim of this paper is to analyse the financial structure of non-financial corporations in the European Union prior to the 2008 crisis and to determine whether the ex-ante differences in corporate financial structure had an impact on the severity of the 2008 financial crisis in European countries. The analysis confirms a negative relationship between the corporate debt ratio prior to the crisis and crisis-induced contractions in corporate investment and GDP. The results indicate a greater importance of the growth in corporate indebtedness in the years prior to the crisis for crisis vulnerability than solely the level of debt immediately before the crisis. The paper has several important implications for crisis prevention and mitigation policy.

The image of Germany in Poland and its impact on development of Poles travelling tourism to Germany

63%

Dębski M. , Niemczak K.

Journal of Intercultural Management

2014

tom 6

nr 1

67-79

The country image tends to be a crucial element for supporting national products on foreign markets. This is also a case for tourist products. The Germany brand is one of the most powerful brands across the world. However, it seems, as highlighted in the research hypothesis, that in the case of tourism its impact on the Poles is not as strong as in the case of numerous other economic spheres. The poll research conducted on a selected group of respondents revealed the grounds for the hypothesis stated. Respondents evaluated relatively poorly both the attractiveness of Germany as well as their urge to visit that country compared to other European countries, they also rated poorly the selected highlights of the country. Another barrier related to perceived attractiveness of Germany is a not entirely positive stereotype of German people. The results reveal the need for changes of it, which are possible in the light of better ratings given by persons who previously visited Germany.