Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

LEVEL OF EMPATHY AND SEVERITY OF PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS IN MEDICAL, LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS

100%

Wilczek-Rużyczka E. , Kupczyk M.

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tom 19(4)

411-426

EN

The aim of this study was to show the differences between groups of medical, law and psychology students in terms of empathy and psychopathy, as well as to show whether there are relationships between these variables in the studied groups. The study involved 70 female and 50 male students, constituting three equal groups of 40 people each, studying Medicine, Law and Psychology respectively. Two standardized tools were used in the study: the Index of Interpersonal Reactivity (IRI) by M.H Davis and the Polish adaptation of I. Pilch and her team's Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), the original version of which was developed by Patrick, Fowles and Krueger, as well as a specially designed sociodemographic questionnaire. The study showed an inverse relationship between empathy and psychopathy and that there were differences in both empathy and psychopathy levels between different groups of students. Law students had lower levels of empathy in two di mensions according to the IRI than medical and psychology students. When analyzing the severity of some psychopathic traits and the overall psychopathy score according to TriPM, it was found that law students had the highest levels in the overall psychopathy score and meanness, but no statistically significant differences were observed in other TriPM variables between the groups studied. Law students had the lowest empathy scores of the groups studied, and medical students had slightly lower empathy scores than psychology students. It was also shown that law students had the highest overall psychopathy score of the three groups studied. Negative correlational relationships between empathy and psychopathy were observed in medical and law students – indicating that higher levels of empathy are associated with lower levels of psychopathy.

2

The role of rewards and demands in burnout among surgical nurses

100%

Basińska B. A. , Wilczek-Rużyczka E.

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nr 4

593-604

EN

Objective: Job rewards have both, an intrinsic and an extrinsic motivational potential, and lead to employees' development as well as help them to achieve work goals. Rewards can balance job demands and protect from burnout. Due to changes on the labour market, new studies are needed. The aim of our study was to examine the role of demands and individual rewards (and their absence) in burnout among surgical nurses. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 2009 and 2010 with 263 nurses who worked in surgical wards and clinics in hospitals in Southern Poland. The hypotheses were tested by the use of measures of demands and rewards (Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire by Siegrist) and burnout syndrome (Maslach Burnout Inventory). A cross-sectional, correlational study design was applied. Results: Nurses experienced the largest deficiencies in salary and prestige. Exhaustion was explained by stronger demands and lack of respect (large effect). Depersonalization was explained by stronger demands, lack of respect and greater job security (medium effect). Reduced personal achievement was explained by more demands and greater job security (small effect). Conclusions: Excessive demands and lack of esteem are key reasons for burnout among surgical nurses. Job security can increase burnout when too many resources are invested and career opportunities do not appear. These results may help to improve human resource management in the healthcare sector.

3

Ocena własności psychometrycznych polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza Meistera do oceny obciążenia psychicznego w pracy pielęgniarki

80%

Dębska G. , Wilczek-Rużyczka E. , Foryś Z. , Pasek M.

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tom 64

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nr 3

349-358

EN

Background: The objective of this study was to assess psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Meister questionnaire for subjective assessment of work-related mental load among nurses. Material and Methods: A group of 211 nurses (mean age, 43.1±7.26) participated in our study. In the process of adaptation stability (test-retest) reliability and factorial validity were assessed. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used as a tool for assessing construct validity). Results: Factor analysis of the questionnaire confirmed a very good fit between input data and factor model (Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin measure of 0.83). Selected variables, including overload, monotony, and non-specific load, explained 57%, 41%, and 66% of the variance, respectively. The analysis proved high validity of the tool, Cronbach alpha was 0.83 for the total score. The correlation factor for questions and scores in subscales was high. Repeated measurements resulted in similar outcomes, which proved the stability of this measure. The analysis of construct validity showed that overload, monotony, and non-specific load presented positive correlation with emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Correlation between variables was moderate (rHO = 0.39–0.58; p < 0.001). The total score indicated the following correlations: strong positive with emotional exhaustion (rHO = 0.6, p < 0.001), negative with personal achievements, and positive and moderate with depersonalisation (rHO = –0.14; p < 0.05, rHO = 0.48; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Polish version of the Meister questionnaire meets all psychometric criteria and may be used for evaluating mental load among nurses. Med Pr 2013;64(3):349–358

PL

Wprowadzenie: Celem pracy była ocena własności psychometrycznych polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza Meistera do subiektywnej oceny obciążenia psychicznego związanego z wykonywaną pracą. Materiał i metody: Proces adaptacji przeprowadzono w grupie 211 pielęgniarek (średnia wieku: 43,1±7,26). W procesie zastosowano ocenę: stabilności (test-retest), rzetelności oraz trafności czynnikowej. Do oceny trafności teoretycznej wykorzystano narzędzie MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory - kwestionariusz do oceny wypalenia zawodowego). Wyniki: Analiza trafności czynnikowej badanego narzędzia wskazywała na bardzo dobre dopasowanie danych wyjściowych do modelu czynnikowego (0,83 - miara Kaisera-Mayera-Olkina). Wyodrębnione czynniki: przeciążenie, monotonia, niespecyficzne obciążenie wyjaśniają odpowiednio 57%, 41% i 66% wariancji. Wykazano wysoką rzetelność narzędzia, współczynnik α Cronbacha dla wyniku ogólnego wynosił 0,83, wysoki był współczynnik korelacji pytań z wynikiem podskal. W pomiarach powtórzonych uzyskano podobne wyniki, co świadczy o stabilności narzędzia. Analiza trafności teoretycznej wykazała, że przeciążenie, monotonia, niespecyficzne obciążenie było związane pozytywnie z wyczerpaniem emocjonalnym i depersonalizacją. Korelacja między zmiennymi była umiarkowana (rHO = 0,39-0,58; p < 0,001). Wynik ogólny korelował dodatnio silnie z wyczerpaniem emocjonalnym (rHO = 0,6, p < 0,001), ujemnie z poczuciem osiągnięć osobistych oraz dodatnio i umiarkowanie z depersonalizacją (rHO = -014; p < 0,05, rHO = 0,48; p < 0,001). Wniosek: Polska wersja kwestionariusza Meistera spełnia kryteria psychometryczne i może być stosowana do oceny obciążenia psychicznego w pracy pielęgniarki. Med. Pr. 2013;64(3):349–358

4

NEUROMARKERS OF ANXIETY IN A PATIENT WHO HAD EXPERIENCED A TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) OF THE LEFT BRAIN HEMISPHERE AS A RESULT OF A CRITICAL STENOSIS OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ICA) PERATED ON BY ENDARTERECTOMY (CEA)

80%

Wilczek-Rużyczka E. , Mirski A. , Korab M. , Trystuła M.

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tom 19(1)

1-9

EN

The search for neuromarkers is a very promising way to improve psychiatric and psychological care. They are now considered to be an innovative diagnostic tool in psychiatry and neuropsychology, but more broadly in all human health sciences. The aim of our study was to find the neuromarker of anxiety in a patient who had experienced a Transient IschemicAttack (TIA) of the left brain hemisphere as a result of a critical stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) operated on byendarterectomy (CEA). We will present the case of a 54-year-old man,an architect, who experienced a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) of the left brain hemispherecaused by a critical stenosis of theInternal Carotid Artery (ICA) and was treated successfully with surgical endarterectomy (CEA). One year after the surgery itself, the patient developed severe postoperative anxiety, headaches, difficulty in sleepingas well as the inability to continue working in his profession. Strong anxiety was notedon the adapted 100-millimeter Visual Analogue Anxiety Scale (VAAS). The patient was assessed using the Human Brain Index (HBI) methodology (Kropotov 2009; 2016; 2017; Pąchalska, Kaczmarek&Kropotov 2014) which consisted of recording 19-channel EEG in resting state conditions, during the cued GO/NOGO task and comparing the parameters of EEG spectra and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) with the normative and patient databases of the Human Brain Index(HBI). No signs of cognitive dysfunction was found, however an excessive Rolandic beta was observed. In line with the working hypothesis as to the presence of an anxiety neuromarker, the patient’s studies confirmed an increased P1 time wave in the left hemisphere of the brain in ERP in response to visual stimuli, i.e. an anxiety neuromarker. Following the detection of this neuromarkera specific anodic Transcranial Direct Current Stimulations (tDCS) pro- tocol was proposed (see: Kropotov 2016; Pąchalska, Kaczmarek & Kropotov 2020). Ten tDCS sessions were performed and the postoperativeanxiety was found to be resolved. The patient returned to work. The use of Human Brain Index (HBI) methodologyenabling the isolation of the Event Related Potentials (ERPs) patterns revealed the presence of a distinct anxietyneuromarker. Neurotherapy with the use of tDCS allowed the reduction of anxiety symptoms and the patient’s return to work. The above case study indicates the necessity to use new neurotechnologies in the diagnosis of mental diseases, with particular emphasis on postoperative anxiety. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5

ERPS AS AN INDEX OF IMPAIRED WORKING MEMORY IN AN ISCHEMIC BRAIN STROKE APHASIC PATIENT AWAKENED FROM A LONG-TERM COMA FOLLOWING AN AMPHETAMINE OVERDOSE

80%

Wilczek-Rużyczka E. , Grzywniak C. , Korab M. , Cielebąk K.

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tom 19(2)

137-145

EN

Nowadays, amphetamines constitute the prescription drugs most commonly abused by adolescents and young adults (Berman, O’Neill, Fears et al. 2008). The prevalence of problematic (mainly illegal) use of amphetamines as a stimulant by college students, and here especially before serious examinations, has also been rising. This fact represents a serious public health concern. The patient, aged 19, was awakened from from a long-term coma that had lasted 21 days following an amphetamine overdose and manifested tetraparesis, cortical blindness and deficits in cognitive and emotional processes. After a year of rehabilitation the majority of symptoms had disappeared, but cortical blindness andworking memory deficits remained. In addition, frontal lobe syndrome symptoms appeared. After two years of therapy as a result of immense tiredness caused by all an night wedding reception she started to manifest Charles-Bonnet syndrome. She experienced strange visual sensations such as visual hallucinations and saw various non-existing shapes (coloured blots, patterns and fireworks of vivid colours). She also saw objects (often terrifying) as well as animals (mainly African) and people with deformed faces and long teeth, and persons in African dress with feathers and coral beads in their hair. Her real identity was not remembered by the patient for longer than 2 hours and even then she insisted on being referred to as Shakira. She was given a qEEG examination (in open and closed eyes conditions) and ERPs with the use of auditory stimuli at the period when the hallucinations (to a small degree) still occurred. Studies conducted into the functional neuroimaging of the brain work in milliseconds in the examined patient can explain her symptoms. A comparison of the subject’s ERPs with the grand average of ERPs in healthy controls shows that the N170 and N 250 components are impaired in the subject: the occipital-temporal area of the subject brain shows a strong positivity instead of negativities. This positivity might reflect an enhanced reactivity of neurons in the corresponding area induced by the removal of lateral inhibition from the neurons as a result of local damage. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6

AN EVALUATION OF TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION (TDCS) IN THE REDUCTION OF OCCUPATIONAL BURNOUT SYNDROME IN NURSES

80%

Wilczek-Rużyczka E. , Gawrońska A. , Góral-Półrola J.

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tom 19(2)

169-185

EN

The aim of the study was to answer the question as to whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is more effective in reducing burnout syndrome in nurses than the commonly used individual psychotherapy. The study included 40 nurses from various health care facilities located in the Lesser Poland and Podkarpackie Voivodeship suffering from burnout syndrome. They were assigned to the experimental group while 20 to the control group. Two different therapy models were used: the experimental group (A) included 20 of the nurses treated with the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), four times a week for 8 weeks, in sessions that lasted initially 10, then 15, 20, 25 and finally 30 minutes and the control group (B) included 20 of the nurses treated with individual psychotherapy employed for 8 weeks, once a week for 30 minutes. To evaluate the results we used: screening with a clinical interview, the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Beck Depression Inventory and a Polish adaptation of the Italian questionnaire created by Massimo Sentinello (LBQ). Treatment was provided. The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) used in Group A is more effective in reducing many symptoms than is the case with individual psychotherapy. Comparing the intragroup effects, it was found that the tDCS employed in Group A significantly reduced the intensity of depressive symptoms among the surveyed nurses [F (1.38) = 57.62; p <0.001; η2 = 0.603] while the individual psychotherapy used in Group B failed to produce a statistically significant effect [F (1.38) = 1.794; p = 0.188; η2 = 0.045]. These include a reduction of depression, a reduction in chronic psychophysical exhaustion, vegetative problem reduction, and the improvement of nurse-patient relations. Neurotherapy with the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is more effective in reducing burnout syndrome than the commonly used individual psychotherapy. It also helps to return these nurses to full professional activity. The studies presented above recommend the use of new neurotechnologies in therapy as a result of their usefulness and non-invasive character.